This file is raw output from pdftotext and may not be ideal for distribution. If you are a maintainer for Hackipedia, please sit down when you have time and clean this text version up. Source PDF: /mnt/main/jmc-storage/docs/ATSC/A-112 E-VSB Implementation Guidelines (April 18, 2006).pdf Like all conversions the text below should be fully readable as UTF-8 unicode text. --------------------------------------------------------------- Doc. A/112 18 April 2006 ATSC Recommended Practice: E-VSB Implementation Guidelines Advanced Television Systems Committee 1750 K Street, N.W. Suite 1200 Washington, D.C. 20006 www.atsc.org ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 The Advanced Television Systems Committee, Inc., is an international, non-profit organization developing voluntary standards for digital television. The ATSC member organizations represent the broadcast, broadcast equipment, motion picture, consumer electronics, computer, cable, satellite, and semiconductor industries. Specifically, ATSC is working to coordinate television standards among different communications media focusing on digital television, interactive systems, and broadband multimedia communications. ATSC is also developing digital television implementation strategies and presenting educational seminars on the ATSC standards. ATSC was formed in 1982 by the member organizations of the Joint Committee on InterSociety Coordination (JCIC): the Electronic Industries Association (EIA), the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), the National Cable and Telecommunications Association (NCTA), and the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE). Currently, there are approximately 140 members representing the broadcast, broadcast equipment, motion picture, consumer electronics, computer, cable, satellite, and semiconductor industries. ATSC Digital TV Standards include digital high definition television (HDTV), standard definition television (SDTV), data broadcasting, multichannel surround-sound audio, and satellite direct-to-home broadcasting. 2 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 Table of Contents 1. DOCUMENT PURPOSE AND SCOPE ......................................................................................................8 2. INFORMATIVE REFERENCES..................................................................................................................8 3. DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................................................................8 3.1 Treatment of Syntactic Elements 8 3.2 Terms Employed 9 4. SYSTEM OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................9 4.1 What Is E-VSB? 9 4.2 New Technical Features Compared to 8-VSB 10 4.2.1 Enhanced Stream 10 4.2.2 New Transport Features 10 4.2.3 Advanced Video Codecs 10 4.2.4 Advanced Audio Codec 10 4.2.5 Use of Legacy Video and Audio Codecs in the Enhanced Stream 11 5. SYSTEM COMPONENTS...........................................................................................................................11 5.1 E-VSB Transmission 11 5.1.1 E-VSB Exciter and Transmission Adapter 12 5.1.1.1 Transmission Adapter 17 5.1.1.2 Interpretation of 12 Map Bits 18 5.1.2 E-VSB Error Coding 19 5.1.3 E-VSB Interleaving 19 5.1.3.1 E-VSB Processing and Interleaving Stream Delays 19 5.1.3.2 E-VSB Interleaver Startup Condition 21 5.1.4 Segment Packing and Jitter 25 5.1.4.1 Main Stream Audio Jitter 25 5.1.4.1.1 Main Stream Audio Jitter Remedies 26 5.1.4.1.1.1 Audio Bit Rate Limitation 26 5.1.4.1.1.2 Buffer Fullness Method 26 5.1.4.1.1.3 Audio Frame Bursting 26 5.1.4.1.2 Video Packet Displacement Considerations 27 5.1.4.2 PCR Correction 27 5.1.5 E-VSB Signal Links 27 5.1.5.1 STL Types 27 5.1.5.2 Signal Format 28 5.2 Transport 28 5.2.1 Audio Elementary Stream Multiplexing 29 5.2.1.1 Audio Access Unit (AAU) 29 5.2.1.2 Alignment Mode 29 5.2.1.3 Transport Stream Efficiency 30 5.2.1.4 E-AC-3 Considerations 31 5.2.2 Exciter Delay Compensation 32 5.3 Advanced Video Coding 32 5.4 Advanced Audio Coding – Enhanced-AC-3 32 5.4.1 Overview 32 5.4.2 Fallback Audio 33 5.4.2.1 Transmission 33 5.4.2.2 Reception 33 5.4.2.3 Additional Audio Services 34 3 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 5.4.3 New Devices and Services 34 5.4.4 Technical Description 34 5.4.4.1 Enhancements for Lower Data Rates 34 5.4.4.2 Compatibility with Existing Infrastructure 35 5.4.4.3 Seamless Transition Between Main and Robust Channels 35 5.4.4.4 Flexibility for New Devices and Services 36 5.4.4.5 Compatibility of Enhanced AC-3 on Transport Stream and Video Codec 36 5.4.5 Enhanced AC-3 Features 36 5.4.5.1 Expanded Data Rate Flexibility 36 5.4.5.1.1 Greater Maximum Data Rate 36 5.4.5.1.2 Finer Data Rate Granularity 36 5.4.5.2 Spectral Extension 37 5.4.5.3 Transient Pre-Noise Processing 37 5.4.5.4 Adaptive Hybrid Transform Processing 37 5.4.5.5 Enhanced Coupling 38 5.4.5.6 Channel and Program Extensions 38 5.4.5.7 Sample Rate Processing 38 5.4.5.8 Mixing Control Processing 38 5.5 E-VSB Receiver 39 5.5.1 E-VSB Receiver Front End Overview 39 5.5.1.1 Demodulator 39 5.5.1.2 Frame Sync Recovery 39 5.5.1.3 Channel Equalizer 39 5.5.2 E-VSB MAP Recovery 40 5.5.3 E-VSB MAP Interpretation 41 5.5.4 E-VSB Data Attributes and the Attribute Flag Generator 43 5.5.4.1 Descriptions of E-VSB Data Attributes 43 5.5.4.2 Implementation of the E-VSB Data Attribute Flag Generator 44 5.5.5 E-VSB Channel Decoder 47 5.5.5.1 Viterbi Decoder/12-Way Symbol De-Interleaver 47 5.5.5.1.1 Dealing with main symbol interruption 54 5.5.5.1.2 Output Reordering 55 5.5.5.2 Data De-Interleaver 56 5.5.5.3 Reed-Solomon Decoder 57 5.5.5.4 Data De-Randomizer 57 5.5.5.5 Main Packet Remover 57 5.5.5.6 MPEG Header Remover 58 5.5.5.7 Null Bit Remover 58 5.5.5.8 Enhanced Data De-Interleaver 58 5.5.5.9 Enhanced Reed-Solomon Decoder 58 5.5.5.10 Enhanced Packet De-Multiplexer 58 5.5.5.11 164-to-188 Packet Converter 58 5.5.6 Fallback Behavior and Seamless Switching 58 5.5.6.1 Video 58 5.5.6.2 Audio 58 5.5.6.2.1 Internal Decoder Operation 59 5.5.6.2.2 External Decoder Operation 59 5.5.6.2.2.1 Fallback Operation with IEC 60958 (S/PDIF) Interface 59 5.5.6.2.2.2 Fallback Operation with Other Digital Interfaces 61 5.5.6.2.2.3 External Compatibility Using PCM or Analog Outputs 61 5.5.6.2.3 Other Audio Fallback Considerations 61 4 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 ANNEX A: E-VSB BIT RATE TABLES............................................................................................63 1. E-VSB TABULAR DATA............................................................................................................................63 2. CALCULATION OF PAYLOAD BIT RATES FOR A GIVEN E-VSB MIX ..................................................63 2.1 8-VSB Nominal Average Bit Rate (no E-VSB data) 63 2.2 Nominal Average Bit Rate with E-VSB Data 63 2.3 Summary Results 63 3. E-VSB BIT RATE TABLES ........................................................................................................................64 ANNEX B: ALIGNMENT DELAY .....................................................................................................110 5 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 Index of Tables and Figures Table 5.1a Example Data Rates ................................................................................................... 20 Table 5.1b Alignment Delays (Segments) for Example Data Rates ............................................ 20 Table 5.2 Audio Access Unit Rates ............................................................................................. 29 Table 5.3 Transport Stream Efficiency for 384 kbps Audio (aligned mode)............................... 31 Table 5.4 Transport Stream Efficiency for 192 kbps Audio (aligned mode)............................... 32 Table 5.4 Transport Stream Efficiency for 64 kbps Audio (aligned mode)................................. 32 Table 5.5 Maximum Data Rates................................................................................................... 36 Table 5.6 Minimum Data Rate Adjustment Step Size ................................................................. 36 Table A1 Sorted by MAP Table Number..................................................................................... 64 Table A2 Sorted by Main Stream Bit Rate .................................................................................. 75 Table A3 Sorted by 1/2 Bit Rate .................................................................................................. 86 Table A4 Sorted by 1/4 Bit Rate .................................................................................................. 97 Table B1 Alignment Delay (Segments) ..................................................................................... 111 Figure 4.1 E-VSB modulation system overview. .......................................................................... 9 Figure 4.2 End-to-end system and details of studio/master control showing possible locations for delay compensation of source encoder latency and modulation latency. ..................................... 10 Figure 5.1 8-VSB transmitter....................................................................................................... 12 Figure 5.2 VSB transmitter with E-VSB capability..................................................................... 13 Figure 5.3 Exciter expanded block diagram. ............................................................................... 14 Figure 5.4 Simplified E-VSB preprocessor and MUX detail. ..................................................... 15 Figure 5.5 Details of E-VSB interleaving sequence. ................................................................... 16 Figure 5.6 Preprocessor/Mux PCR correction points. ................................................................. 17 Figure 5.7 EVSB data frame as emitted....................................................................................... 18 Figure 5.8 E-VSB interleaver....................................................................................................... 19 Figure 5.9 Alignment delay calculation points. ........................................................................... 20 Figure 5.10 E-8-VSB pre-processor............................................................................................. 22 Figure 5.11 Enhanced data interleaver startup condition (byte shift register illustration)........... 23 Figure 5.12 Main and Enhanced mux packet processor. ............................................................. 24 Figure 5.13 Packing modes, data mixes, and jitter. ..................................................................... 26 Figure 5.14 Transport stream formats to transmitter. .................................................................. 28 Figure 5.15 Audio Encoding for Fallback. .................................................................................. 33 Figure 5.16 Audio decoding for fallback. .................................................................................... 34 Figure 5.17 E-AC-3 decoding and conversion............................................................................. 35 Figure 5.18 Block diagram of E-VSB receiver............................................................................ 39 Figure 5.19 Decoding of current segment map............................................................................ 42 Figure 5.20 Decoding of next segment map. ............................................................................... 43 Figure 5.21 E-VSB data attribute flag generator. ........................................................................ 45 Figure 5.22 Randomization and RBEQ flags............................................................................... 46 Figure 5.23 Block diagram of E-VSB channel decoder............................................................... 47 Figure 5.24a Concatenation of E-VSB symbol processor and trellis encoder............................. 48 Figure 5.24b Effective code in case of main symbol................................................................... 48 Figure 5.24c Effective code in case of enhanced symbol. ........................................................... 48 Figure 5.25 Trellis state transition diagram of main and enhanced symbol. ............................... 50 6 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 Figure 5.26a 1/4-rate enhanced symbol decoding when the repeated bits remain equal after data randomizing (RBEQ = 1).............................................................................................................. 51 Figure 5.26b 1/4-rate enhanced symbol decoding when the repeated bits differ after data randomizing (RBEQ = 0).............................................................................................................. 52 Figure 5.27 Architecture of E-VSB Viterbi decoder. .................................................................. 54 Figure 5.28 Main symbol interruption. ........................................................................................ 55 Figure 5.29 Output re-ordering of Viterbi decoder decoding only enhanced symbol. ................ 56 Figure 5.30 Conceptual diagram of convolutional de-interleaver. .............................................. 57 Figure 5.31 Main and fallback mode ATSC receiver with enhanced AC-3. ............................... 60 Figure 5.32 Main and fallback mode ATSC receiver with enhanced AC-3 - Alternative implementation. ............................................................................................................................ 61 Figure B1 Alignment delay calculation points. ......................................................................... 110 7 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 ATSC Recommended Practice: E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 1. DOCUMENT PURPOSE AND SCOPE The purpose of this document is to explicate the ATSC standards related to E-VSB (Enhanced VSB), and provide guidelines to parameter selection and implementation scenarios where useful. Sections of this document may assume some familiarity with features of ATSC 8-VSB transmission and the ATSC transport and source coding standards that were developed prior to E-VSB. These topics can be found in ATSC documents, especially documents A/53D (ATSC Digital Television Standard) [2] and A/54A (Guide to the Use of the ATSC Digital Television Standard) [3]. The reader is cautioned not to rely on this document for compliance to the ATSC E-VSB Standard(s), but to always refer to the appropriate ATSC Standard(s). This document may omit some requirements, or on the other hand may suggest restrictions to parameters that are appropriate to certain applications but not generally required. While every attempt has been made to conform this document to the standards, in case of conflict, the standards of course prevail. 2. INFORMATIVE REFERENCES [1] ATSC A/52B: “Digital Audio Compression (AC-3, E-AC-3) Standard,” Advanced Television Systems Committee, Washington, D.C., 14 June 2005. [2] ATSC A/53E: “ATSC Digital Television Standard,” Advanced Television Systems Committee, Washington, D.C., 27 December 2005. [3] ATSC Recommended Practice A/54A: “Guide to the Use of the Digital Television Standard,” Advanced Television Systems Committee, Washington, D.C., 4 December 2003. [4] ATSC A/65B: “Program and System Information Protocol for Terrestrial Broadcast and Cable,” Advanced Television Systems Committee, Washington, D.C., 18 March 2003. [5] ATSC A/110A: “Synchronization Standard for Distributed Transmission,” Advanced Television Systems Committee, Washington, D.C., 19 July 2005. [6] IEC 60958-1 (1999-12) Digital audio interface - Part 1: General. [7] IEC 61937-1 (2003-5) Digital audio - Interface for non-linear PCM encoded audio bitstreams applying IEC 60958 - Part 1: General. [8] IEC 61937-3 (2003-5) Digital audio - Interface for non-linear PCM encoded audio bitstreams applying IEC 60958 - Part 3: Non-linear PCM bitstreams according to the AC-3 format. [9] ISO/IEC IS 13818-1:2000 (E), International Standard, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems. 3. DEFINITIONS The following definitions are included here for reference but the precise meaning of each may vary slightly from standard to standard. 3.1 Treatment of Syntactic Elements This document contains symbolic references to syntactic elements used in the audio, video, and transport coding subsystems. These references are typographically distinguished by the use of a 8 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 different font (e.g., restricted), may contain the underscore character (e.g., sequence_end_code) and may consist of character strings that are not English words (e.g., dynrng). 3.2 Terms Employed Throughout this document, the following definitions apply: STL – Studio-to-transmitter link, a system used to convey program-related signals or data from a studio or other origination point to the transmitter site, typically using either radio (microwave) or coax/fiber landline systems. TS – Abbreviation for Transport Stream. Defined by ISO/IEC 13818-1 [9]. Other terms may be defined in the text of this document, in which case the scope of the definition is limited to the section in which it appears, to avoid possible conflicts with other sections and/or with defined terms in other ATSC documents. 4. SYSTEM OVERVIEW 4.1 What Is E-VSB? The basis of E-VSB is a method to add increased error protection to a portion of the ATSC 8- VSB transmission. Figure 4.1 shows a simple block diagram of the processing in the E-VSB system. Some of the transmitted 8-VSB symbols (a selectable number of data segments in each 8-VSB data frame) are dedicated to carrying the desired enhanced data and associated E-VSB forward-error-correction bits. Data to be transmitted via the enhanced process is first subject to the addition of forward error correction. It is then formatted into standard MPEG transport packets. The packets of enhanced data are then interspersed with packets intended for normal 8- VSB transmission, according to a pre-determined algorithm. All the packets are then processed by the normal 8-VSB forward error correction, so that no errors are produced in legacy 8-VSB receivers due to the E-VSB process. Data For Normal Processing Normal/ Normal E-VSB 8-VSB Emission Packet Processing Data Ordering E-VSB For MPEG Packet Processing E-VSB Encapsulation (Added Error Protection) Processing Figure 4.1 E-VSB modulation system overview. The full development of an E-VSB system application from end-to-end, including especially multiplexing of various program elements, must take into account the different processing and delay of the E-VSB data and 8-VSB data, including the introduction of emission timing changes when the two types of data segments are placed in separate positions in the data frame according to the pre-determined algorithm. This may require adjustment of time stamps, special operation of source coders and multiplexers, and/or other adjustments in particular cases. Additional considerations depend on the application, especially on whether close synchronization of material (“essence”) carried in the normal and enhanced data paths is required. Figure 4.2 shows an overview and expanded views of particular areas of the studio that require special consideration. 9 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 Overview Studio Exciter/ STL RF RCVR STL Display Facility XMTR Ingest Studio Facility Master Studio Control STL Control Master Control Main Delay Video/Audio Delay encoders ½ rate E-VSB-capable Transmission STL STL Switching Delay Video/Audio Delay REMUX Adaptor Transmitter Path encoders ¼ rate Delay Video/Audio Delay encoders Figure 4.2 End-to-end system and details of studio/master control showing possible locations for delay compensation of source encoder latency and modulation latency. 4.2 New Technical Features Compared to 8-VSB 4.2.1 Enhanced Stream A portion of the VSB transmitted symbol stream is dedicated to the enhanced symbols. The remaining portion not transmitted by the enhanced method is referred to as the “main” or “normal” stream. The data at the transport layer therefore consists of packets intended for enhanced transmission and packets intended for normal transmission. 4.2.2 New Transport Features New transport layer tables are defined for carriage in the enhanced stream. They are designed to allow proper cross-referencing and synchronization of the content of the main and enhanced streams. 4.2.3 Advanced Video Codecs The details of use of advanced video codecs in the enhanced stream were not finalized at the time of this writing. H.264 and VC-1 codecs were under consideration. While it is possible to carry enhanced video codecs as private data, the intention is to provide a standardized way to carry an advanced video codec or codecs in MPEG transport packets. 4.2.4 Advanced Audio Codec E-VSB includes the addition of an advanced audio codec, Enhanced AC-3 (E-AC-3). Annex E of ATSC A/52B defines the bit stream syntax used by Enhanced AC-3 bit streams and decoders. Enhanced AC-3 bit streams are similar in nature to AC-3 bit streams, but are not backwards 10 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 compatible (i.e., they are not decodable by AC-3 decoders). However, all Enhanced AC-3 decoders will also decode all AC-3 bit streams. A feature inherent in Enhanced AC-3 is that the coding structure is built upon the basic AC-3 coding structure (with additional enhancements) and therefore can support true fallback audio for E-VSB systems. In ATSC systems that support fallback audio via E-VSB, receivers can replace individual AC-3 frames from the main VSB transport stream with an equivalent Enhanced AC-3 frame from the E-VSB transport stream. This allows Enchanced AC-3 decoders to perform seamless fallback audio on a frame-by-frame basis. In addition, it is feasible to perform a modest-complexity conversion (transcode) to the AC-3 bit stream syntax, thus enabling backwards compatibility with external decoders that have IEC 60958 [6] digital inputs. In all applications Enhanced AC-3 includes several new features that are primarily focused on achieving greater coding efficiency (lower data rates) than AC-3 while maintaining audio quality. These features include: • Expanded Data Rate Flexibility: allows the number of blocks per sync frame and the number of compressed data bits per frame in Enhanced AC-3 to be adjusted to achieve significantly more data rate flexibility than AC-3. This allows finer adjustments to data rate than AC-3. • Spectral Extension: attempts to recreate a signal’s high frequency amplitude spectrum from side data transmitted in the bit stream. • Transient Pre-Noise Processing: offers improved audio quality by better handling of transient audio signals. • Adaptive Hybrid Transform Processing: improves coding efficiency and thus quality by increasing the length of the transform. • Enhanced Coupling: improves on traditional coupling techniques by allowing the technique to be used at lower frequencies than conventional coupling, thus increasing coder efficiency. Enhanced AC-3 supports other new features that may be used in ATSC applications that do not require the fallback audio feature, or in non-ATSC applications. These features include: • Channel and Program Extensions: enables a single bit stream to carry program streams of more than 5.1 channels or multiple program streams. • Sample Rate Processing: applies to content that has an original sample rate higher than 48kHz (e.g., 88.2 kHz or 96 kHz). • Mixing Control Processing: allows for metadata for applications that involve the mixing of two program streams. 4.2.5 Use of Legacy Video and Audio Codecs in the Enhanced Stream Use of legacy video and audio codecs in the enhanced stream is allowed, but consideration should be given to the bit rate required and the impact on the remaining main stream available bit rate. Use of advanced codecs in the enhanced stream is preferable to maintain the highest possible main stream rate. 5. SYSTEM COMPONENTS 5.1 E-VSB Transmission E-VSB requires an exciter (modulator) capable of distinguishing the main and enhanced data and encoding them into the properly processed main or enhanced symbols. In order to maintain use of a single studio-transmitter link (STL), a “transmission adapter” may be used at the studio side 11 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 of the STL, which sends messages to the exciter to control its demultiplexing of main and enhanced data contained in a single STL transport stream. 5.1.1 E-VSB Exciter and Transmission Adapter Figure 5.1 shows for review the block diagram of an 8-VSB transmitter. 8-VSB RF SIGNAL Optional MPEG DATA PACKETS Reed- Data Pre- RF Data Trellis Pilot VSB Solomon Inter- MUX Equalizer Up- Randomizer Encoder Insertion Modulator Encoder leaver Filter Converter Field Sync Segment Sync Field Sync Figure 5.1 8-VSB transmitter. Figure 5.2 shows the block diagram of an E-VSB transmitter, including the 8-VSB processing (in the top row of blocks). The E-VSB exciter includes a number of pre-processing blocks for the E-VSB data, and also has some modifications to the trellis coding part of the 8- VSB part of the hardware that is required to synchronize the concatenated trellis codes. 12 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 Optional 8-VSB Reed- Data Trellis Pre- RF Data Pilot VSB Solomon Inter- coder MUX equalizer Up- Randomizer Insertion Modulator Encoder leaver (12-way Filter Converter interleave) Segment Sync NOTE Field Sync Field Sync carried throughout Map ATSC-Type OPTIONAL SMPTE310 LINK CONCATENATED Data CODES FOR E-VSB De- WITH EMBEDDED TIMING & SEGMENT MAP Randomizer Normal Data Data E-VSB Randomizer Data ATSC Data Convolutional R-S (ATSC Byte MUX RS Byte coder Bytes Standard De- EN- Inter- (12-way Delete Type) inter- CODER leaver interleave / E-VSB leaver de-interleave) Pre- Processor OPTIONAL SMPTE 310 LINK Last block MPEG PACKETS needing with EMBEDDED E / N Control E/N CONTROL Figure 5.2 VSB transmitter with E-VSB capability. The special processing of the E-VSB data includes an added Reed-Solomon code (which adds overhead by a factor of 184/164), encapsulation of the data into standard MPEG packets and expansion of the trellis code (by a factor of either 2 or 4 for the two code rate choices). The E-VSB preprocessor block inserts the additional R-S code and also expands the data with place- holder bytes. It encapsulates the result into MPEG packets. These packets are then muxed with packets intended for 8-VSB coding. The E-VSB convolutional coder replaces the place-holders with the new trellis coding. It is preceded and followed by blocks (randomizer, R-S, byte interleaver, and their reverse processes) that do and then undo the 8-VSB process in order to make the transmitted symbols compatible with legacy receivers (as will be explained below). Figure 5.3 is an expanded block diagram of a complete exciter, showing the location and detail of parts that are discussed separately below. 13 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 Optional 8-VSB Optional Reed - Data Trellis Pre- RF Data Solomon Inter- Pilot VSB Up- coder equalizer Randomizer Encoder leaver Insertion Modulator Converter (12-way Filter interleave) SYNC MUX Segment Sync NOTE MPEG DATA Field Sync SYNC Field Sync carried throughout Map SMPTE 310 Field Decoder and Sync Embedded Map Bits Separator/Sync SMPTE 310 Optional Encoder with Data Embedded Map & De-Randomizer Field Timing Info MPEG E8-VSB streams Convolutional coder Data R-S Main and Enhanced Data RS Data (12-way Byte Bytes Mux Packet Processor Randomizer Encoder Byte interleave / De - Delete M/E Interleaver de-interleave) Interleaver Bytes Flag Normal 188-Byte MPEG MUX Packet Uncoded 2-bit 2-bit Buffer MPEG nibbles nibbles Data MPEG Inserts Packets (x1, (x1', 188-Byte Enhanced x2) Enhanced (RS Encoded) Enhanced From Bytes x2') To ATSC Packets into 12-way Enhanced Bytes 1/2 MPEG MPEG Compatible ATSC 12-way Data Byte the MPEG M/E Symbol Symbol Packet Packets Data Byte Symbol De- De- Multiplex at Byte Interleaver Processor Buffer Uncoded Interleaver M/E Interleaver interleaver E8-VSB Defined Flag M/E MPEG Locations in Pre-Processor Byte Enhanced Data Each VSB Byte 1/4 MPEG 4/184 flag flag M/E Field Packet Buffer Byte Flag Enhanced 1/2 Rate and Enhanced 1/4 Rate Packets Enhanced Rate Number Per VSB Field M/E E D M 188-byte M X2' 188- U MPEG MPEG byte + X + Packets Packet MPEG 164-byte X2 Packets Add Converter Expand each Enhanced byte of the 4-byte X2 D M Reed Enhanced MPEG 184 byte RS Headers 2-bit 188-byte U Solomon Data Block of nibbles M/E M/E M/E X To each MPEG (184, 164) Interleaver Robust Data 4/184 MPEG 184 byte X1 Packets H/Q Encoder H/Q into 2 or 4 RS E E E Packet 164-byte Segment Byte bytes Block M/E M D + M D M X1' Flag Flag Byte M U M U U Converter X X M X Flag X1 Enhanced 1/2 rate and Enhanced 1/4 rate Packets Number per VSB Field Figure 5.3 Exciter expanded block diagram. 14 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 Figures 5.4 and 5.5 show details of the E-VSB preprocessor. Normal Data Standard 188-Byte MPEG Packets Expand MUX Enhanced Reed 184 Bytes Add Data Solomon E-VSB into 4 Bytes (184,164) Interleaver 2 or 4 MPEG Header MPEG PACKETS Encoder MPEG to each Packet WITH N/E Packets CONTROL N/E FOR FURTHER 4/184 PROCESSING BYTES Figure 5.4 Simplified E-VSB preprocessor and MUX detail. Refer to Figure 5.4. The E-VSB data (which is supplied as 188-byte MPEG-2 TS packets) is first broken into 164-byte chunks. These do not require special headers or other added data, as they will be re-assembled in order after decoding. Note that the MPEG packet sync bytes are carried as part of this data (unlike the 8-VSB exciter processing, in which the 0x47 sync byte is replaced by a VSB segment sync). The data then passes through an E-VSB interleaver. The data is next expanded by 2 (or 4) times, and placed as the payload into 2 (or 4) MPEG packets, with standard MPEG headers including 0x47 sync bytes. These MPEG packets can be multiplexed with MPEG packets intended for normal 8-VSB transmission. At this point, the E-VSB data is segregated from the 8-VSB data on a packet-by-packet basis, and can be identified by PID and/or by a parallel ID stream inside the equipment. The effects of bit stuffing can be seen in Figures 5.4 and 5.2. When placeholder bits are inserted to expand 184 bytes into 2 or 4 MPEG packets (see A/53D, Annex D Section 5.4.2.1.1 [2]), the resulting packets are RS encoded, then E-VSB trellis encoded. However, this sequence of processing produces an invalid 8-VSB RS code for legacy receivers due to the insertion of newly-generated symbols in the E-VSB trellis coder. Therefore, the RS code is regenerated after the trellis-coding step, as shown in Figure 5.2. Any value of stuffing bits (ones or zeros) may be used to expand the E-VSB data, and the final RS generator will produce a valid RS code, although the resulting symbol streams will be different for different stuffing-bit values. Therefore, if transmitters are to be synchronized in multiple-transmitter networks, they must all use the same stuffing-bit values. For this reason it is recommended to use all zeros for stuffing bits. Figure 5.5 shows further detail of the pre-processing. The pre-process is complicated by the presence of both 1/2 rate and 1/4 rate data in some allowable mixes. A single E-VSB interleaver operates on both the 1/2 rate and 1/4 rate data, so that after the preprocessor and before the mux (which places the E-VSB packets among the 8-VSB packets), 1/2 rate data is not segregated from 1/4 rate data on a packet by packet basis. This fact becomes important in considering transient conditions when the mix rate is changing. 15 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 STANDARD DATA FOR 188-BYTE 1/2–RATE NORMAL DATA MPEG ENHANCED PACKETS TRANSMISSION 164-BYTE CHUNKS EXPAND ADD REED EACH OF E-VSB E-VSB 4 BYTES SOLOMON 184 BYTES PACKET BYTE MPEG HEADER MUX (184,164) INTO SEQUENCING INTERLEAVER TO EACH GROUP ENCODER 2 OR 4 OF 184 BYTES BYTES MPEG PACKETS WITH N/E CONTROL N/E FOR FURTHER 4/184 PROCESSING DATA FOR BYTES 1/4–RATE ENHANCED Each 184-byte packet contains TRANSMISSION both ¼-rate and ½ rate data 164 BYTE CHUNKS due to interleaving Figure 5.5 Details of E-VSB interleaving sequence. There are two types of E-VSB/8-VSB mix transitions to consider. In the first type, there is no change in the main (8-VSB) data rate. In this case, the only change is in the data payloads of the 1/2-rate and 1/4-rate streams. This can be done without loss of data since the packet boundaries are determined before the E-VSB interleaver. In the second type of transition, the main (8-VSB) data rate is changed. This results in a different number of 8-VSB and E-VSB segments being packed into a data frame. Since these segment boundaries are determined after the E-VSB interleaver, some data will be lost, because it extends into segments that were E-VSB segments in the old mix but are 8-VSB segments in the new mix. E-VSB data loss can be avoided by suspending the E-VSB input for a period of 46 184-byte packets, allowing all valid data to exit the E-VSB interleaver before the mix is changed. Note that main stream (8-VSB) data is never lost due to the E-VSB interleaving process, since main stream data is always inserted by the mux at normal packet boundaries. In addition to other functions, the preprocessor inserts corrections to PCRs that are necessary due to the delay introduced into the E-VSB data by the E-VSB interleaver and the packet placement process. The points at which corrections can be made are shown in Figure 5.6. (A more detailed discussion of delay is given in Section 5.1.3.1 below.) 16 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 Shaded Boxes: Not Included in First Prototype Hardware VSB Correction packet VSB PCR VSB Data packet buffer EVSB 1/.2 RATE Master Correction packet MUX ½ RATE E-VSB Clock PCR E-VSB Data packet E-VSB buffer Processor 19.39 Mbps 1/2 rate EVSB and ¼ RATE Correction packet ¼ rate PSIP SMPTE ¼ RATE E-VSB PCR Correction Encoder E-VSB Data packet buffer Setup and Control Figure 5.6 Preprocessor/Mux PCR correction points. 5.1.1.1 Transmission Adapter In order to make control of the E-VSB mix of rates available, and use existing studio-to- transmitter link (STL) arrangements, a transmission adapter may be used at the studio side of the STL, with an exciter at the transmitter site that is controlled by the adapter. The techniques used are the same as for synchronized VSB transmitters (see A/110A [5]), with the addition of control of the E-VSB trellis states and the data frame sync bits that signal the E-VSB main, 1/2-rate and 1/4 rate data mix. A transmission adapter is essentially a master exciter, which pre-determines all of the Reed-Solomon and trellis coder states. It also pre-determines the exciter data frame sync timing and the placement of main, 1/2-rate and 1/4-rate packets in the frame. The three types of data packets can then be carried on one STL without special formatting for identification of packet type. The exciter control information is multiplexed as transmission adapter packets in the STL stream so that the exciter at the transmitter site is slaved to the adapter operation. Once the initial conditions have been established, adapter packets need not be sent continually (unless the mix is changed). For operation with a given E-VSB mix, adapter packets may be sent intermittently at a rate intended to restore the transmitter to a known condition in a timely manner in case of data errors on the STL. If the transmitter output is monitored, detection of incorrect operation may be used to trigger transmission of adapter packets to restore the correct state. E-VSB Map Data uses 64 of the 92 bits that are reserved in 8-VSB transmission. These 64 bits are used to Kerdock code 12 Map bits for use in the E-VSB receiver. The 64 bit Kerdock code alternates polarity in successive data fields, and has the same polarity as the alternating middle PN63 sequence of the data field sync. (See Figure 5.7.) 17 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 (Symbols) FRAME SYNC SEGMENT PN511 3xPN63 Mode (24) Map (64) Reserved (18) VSB Exten. (10) Precode (12) SEGMENT SYNCS E-VSB map data uses 64 of 92 formerly reserved symbols. Map data is (64,12) Kerdock coded and alternates polarity on alternate data fields. Can be changed every 16 data frames. Data segments (312) with mixed VSB/E-VSB data Figure 5.7 EVSB data frame as emitted. For enhanced transmission the last 10 symbols before the 12 precode symbols are defined as enhancement signaling symbols. When enhanced transmission is used, these symbols are defined for signaling the type of enhancement present according to A/53D Annex D [2]. The 82 symbols shown as “map” or “reserved” in Figure 5.7 may be redefined according to the particular type of enhancement that is signaled. When enhanced transmission is used, the 10 enhancement signaling symbols alternate polarity on successive data fields. In legacy (non-enhanced) 8-VSB transmissions, these symbols do not alternate polarity, and their values are undefined, although it is suggested to fill the reserved symbol areas with a continuation of the PN63 sequence 5.1.1.2 Interpretation of 12 Map Bits The map bits signify the following: • One bit: signals the enhanced segment packing arrangement, either bursted (also called one-of-four or bunched), or uniform. Two bits in each field (total of four bits) indicate a countdown (number of data fields) until the change from the current map data to new map data. The Odd field (positive PN63) contains the high-order 2 bits, and the Even field (negative PN63) contains the low-order 2 bits. • The remaining nine bits comprise a “MAP Number” that is used to address a series of look-up tables to select a particular mix of normal, 1/2 rate and 1/4 rate data from 512 choices. (See Section 5.5.3, “E-VSB Map Interpretation.”) Each mix in combination with the choice of packing mode has a specific placement of E-VSB 1/2 rate and 1/4 rate data segments in the data frame. Note that because of the normal 8-VSB data interleaving, the bytes with various coding rates are spread across data segment boundaries and data field boundaries in the emitted signal, although the number of bytes/symbols for each data rate corresponds to an integer number of data segments per field. (This is similar to normal 8- VSB transmission, where the interleaving spreads data from multiple MPEG packets across multiple VSB data segments.) Because of the E-VSB byte interleaving, the segment mapping between 8-VSB and E-VSB exists in the receiver only after the 8-VSB deinterleaver. Similarly, the mapping of 1/2 rate and 1/4 rate coded segments exists in the receiver only after the E-VSB deinterleaver. 18 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 • In the odd field (positive PN63), the map currently in use is signaled. In the Even field (negative PN63), the next map to be used is signaled. 5.1.2 E-VSB Error Coding E-VSB uses an initial Reed-Solomon coding of the enhanced data, as shown in Figure 5.5. It also uses additional trellis coding. ATSC standard A/53D should be consulted for the precise details. The equivalent coders for the main and enhanced data are shown in Figures 5.24a–c, below. 5.1.3 E-VSB Interleaving The E-VSB interleaver follows the same principles as the main 8-VSB interleaver, but is slightly smaller, with parameters M = 4, B = 46, and N = M x B = 184 (See Figure 5.8). The interleaver parameters are chosen such that the interleaver commutator makes an integer number of revolutions per data frame for any mix of E-VSB and main stream data. 1 M(=4Bytes) 2 2M 3 184-BYTE PACKETS TO BYTE EXPANSION FROM E-VSB SEQUENCING (B-2)M - 45 (B=)46 B-1)M - M=4, B=46, N=MxB=184 Figure 5.8 E-VSB interleaver. 5.1.3.1 E-VSB Processing and Interleaving Stream Delays The E-VSB reference receiver does not contain buffers to compensate all the delays introduced in the E-VSB processing before transmission. Therefore, before transmission, each stream (main, 1/2-rate and 1/4-rate) should be delayed by a number of bytes to allow for synchronization of the streams in the receiver for fallback modes. The actual values needed are dependent on the particular mix of the enhanced and main rates defined in A/53D Annex D [2]. A complete enumeration of the required delays for different mixes of main, 1/2-rate and 1/4-rate is given in Appendix B. Figure 5.9 represents the path of any one particular stream mode (1/2 rate, 1/4 rate, or main). Some example mixes and the required delays are shown in Table 5.1 19 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 Unknown TP and Grouping Input E/VSB E/VSB Decode Buffer Encode Decode Buffers Push Pkt on Pull Pkt on Segment Segment Delay Timing Timing Calculation Figure 5.9 Alignment delay calculation points. Table 5.1a Example Data Rates Normal Stream Payload 1/2 Rate Payload, Mbps 1/4Rate Payload, Mbps Total E-VSB Segments Decimal Map Number Frame for 1/2 Rate Frame for 1/4 Rate Segments Per Data Segments Per Data Segments Per Data 1/2 Rate, # Steps 1/4 Rate, # Steps Frame for Main Bitrate, Mbps (9 Bit Value) Per Frame 80 0 0 0.000000 10 40 0.542212 40 16.90642020 272 131 11 40 1.084423 0 0 0.000000 40 16.90642020 272 160 8 24 0.650654 4 16 0.216885 40 16.90642020 272 57 1 2 0.054221 7 28 0.379548 30 17.52797976 282 Table 5.1b Alignment Delays (Segments) for Example Data Rates MAP Main 1/2 Rate 1/4 Rate B U B U B U 80 1529 1500 - - 0 0 131 839 746 0 0 - - 160 1200 1123 209 144 0 0 57 2275 2411 0 0 401 500 The table entries (B and U) represent compensation of the delay from the encoder pull interface in Figure 5.9 to the receiver push interface. Conceptually, to initialize this synchronization, the next full transport packet would enter the input buffer starting at time TA. TA is based on a segment clock and is coincident for all three stream buffers. At time TA + Table Entry, the pull interface for a particular stream is enabled so that the next packet request will be honored. There is no need for resynchronization until the MAP number (that is, the mix of 1/2 rate, 1/4 rate, and main data) is changed. (The MAP number is defined in ATSC A/53D Annex D [2]0.) The entries in Table 5.1a show detailed data rates and number of segments per data frame for some example mixes of main, 1/2-rate, and 1/4-rate data. Further explanation of the column headings is given in Annex A, which contains the complete tables. The entries in Table 5.1b represent compensation of the relative delays between the three streams (main, 1/2 rate, and 1/4 20 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 rate) introduced in the E-VSB transmission processing (see A/53D Annex D [2]0). The delay of each stream that is introduced by the transmission system is measured from the encoder pull interface to the receiver push interface shown in Figure 5.9. Each row of Table 5.1a or 5.1b corresponds to a particular mix of main, 1/2 rate and 1/4 rate data. For each example mix, Table 5.1b contains the compensating delays for the two data streams with the two shortest transmission-processing delays. The entries are the delays (measured in number of data segment1 times of the complete emitted signal) that must be inserted (via the input buffer of Figure 5.9) into two of the streams to align them with the stream having the longest transmission system delay. Note that since each of the three streams contains packets at less than the emitted segment rate, the size of the delay in packets depends on the ratio of packet rate for the particular stream (main, 1/2 rate, or 1/4 rate) to total segment rate. In Table 5.1b, Columns labeled B contain the compensating delays for Option 1 E-VSB packing (see A/53D Annex D [2]); i.e., bursted packing. Columns labeled U are for Option 2 E- VSB packing (see A/53D Annex D [2]); i.e., uniform packing. 5.1.3.2 E-VSB Interleaver Startup Condition The Enhanced Data Interleaver startup condition needs to be studied carefully because the Enhanced Data Interleaver has a parallel interleaver that carries the stream of H/Q flag bits associated with the data bytes. The H/Q flag is used by the immediately following block to expand each data byte by either two times (H) or four times (Q), and, therefore, alters the length of the data stream. When the transmitter system powers up, the H/Q flag contents may be random. As a result, the data byte expansion based on these random H/Q flag bits will produce unexpected and generally incorrect enhanced data lengths at the output of the expansion block. This will subsequently cause random underflow and/or overflow at the input to the following Main and Enhanced multiplexer packet processor, and cause the valid enhanced data to be multiplexed at an incorrect position of a VSB data field. Note that the parallel interleaving of data and flags may be implemented in other ways, for example, as a single interleaver with 9-bit words including the flag bit. The problem of random start-up conditions generally will also be present in alternative implementations. In the following paragraphs, a detailed discussion on the E-VSB Interleaver startup condition and possible means to avoid this problem are provided. The Enhanced Data Interleaver includes a storage component (memory or shift register) for storing and interleaving the incoming enhanced RS encoded data bytes. Each enhanced data byte carries with it an H/Q flag indicating which MPEG data streams (i.e., enhanced 1/2 rate MPEG data stream or enhanced 1/4 rate MPEG data stream) this data byte belongs to (see Figure 5.10). Assuming the Enhanced Data Interleaver storage component powers up in a random state, before the first valid enhanced RS encoded data byte is received by the Enhanced Data Interleaver, the Enhanced Data Interleaver storage component will contain only random data, referred to as the initial random data hereafter. These initial random data values stored in the Enhanced Data Interleaver during system startup belong to neither the valid enhanced 1/2 rate MPEG data stream nor the valid enhanced 1/4 rate MPEG data stream. Therefore, the H/Q flags associated with these initial random data are truly undefined and random. 1 See A/53D Annex D [2]. For main data, one data segment corresponds to one MPEG transport packet. 21 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 188-byte MPEG 188- Packets MPEG byte Packet MPEG 164-byte Packets Add Converter Expand each 4-byte Enhanced M byte of the MPEG Reed Enhanced 184 byte RS 188-byte U Solomon Data Headers Block of To each MPEG X (184, 164) Interleaver Robust Data 4/184 MPEG 184 byte Packets H/Q Encoder H/Q into 2 or 4 RS Packet Segment Byte bytes 164-byte Block M/E Flag Flag Byte Converter Flag Enhanced 1/2 rate and Enhanced 1/4 rate Packets Number per VSB Field Figure 5.10 E-8-VSB pre-processor. Because of the enhanced interleaving process, when the valid enhanced RS encoded data begins to be received by the Enhanced Data Interleaver, the valid data and their associated H/Q flags will be mixed with the initial random data and their associated random H/Q flags at the output of the Enhanced Data Interleaver. That is, many of the initial data bytes and their associated H/Q flags following the first valid enhanced data byte at the Enhanced Data Interleaver output will be random and belong to neither the valid enhanced 1/2 rate MPEG data stream nor the valid enhanced 1/4 rate MPEG data stream. Figure 5.11 illustrates the Enhanced Data Interleaver startup condition where Xi represents an initial random data byte stored in the storage component of the Enhanced Data Interleaver when the transmitter system powers up, 1 <= i <= 4140. An example illustrating the mix of the valid enhanced data and the initial random data at the Enhanced Data Interleaver output given one 184-byte enhanced 1/2 rate packet followed by one 184-byte enhanced 1/4 rate packet at the Enhanced Data Interleaver input is also provided at the bottom of Figure 5.11, where Dj represent the valid enhanced input data, j >= 1, H or Q represents a valid H/Q flag and Yi denotes the undefined random H/Q flag associated with an initial random data byte Xi. It is worthwhile to mention that at the Enhanced Data Interleaver output, the first valid enhanced RS encoded data byte D1 is followed by the initial random data Xi. Therefore, the random H/Q flag Yi associated with Xi will be processed as regular H/Q flag in the following blocks. 22 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 1 M (=4 Bytes) 2 X136 X91 X46 X1 2M 3 X313 X269 X225 X181 X137 X92 X47 X2 From To Enhanced Enhanced RS Bytes (184,164) Expansion Encoder (B=) 46 (B-1)M X4140 X4139 X4138 X4137 X180 X135 X90 X45 M = 4, B = 46, N = 184 time Input Byte: D1 D2 D3 D4 … D184 D185 D186 D187 D188 … D368 … Input Flag: H H H H … H Q Q Q Q … Q … Output Byte: D1 X1 X2 … X45 D47 X46 … X90 D93 X91 … X135 D139 X136 … X180 D185 D2 X181 … Output Flag: H Y1 Y2 … Y45 H Y46 … Y90 H Y91 … Y135 H Y136 … Y180 Q H Y181 … Figure 5.11 Enhanced data interleaver startup condition (byte shift register illustration). The H/Q flag is used in the block immediately following the enhanced data interleaver block, (Enhanced Bytes Expansion, see Figure 5.10), as a basis to expand each incoming byte into two bytes or four bytes. Without explicitly defining how the Enhanced Byte Expansion handles the initial random data, the Enhanced Bytes Expansion will start expanding every incoming data byte (including both the valid enhanced data and the initial random data) based on its associated H/Q flag when the first valid enhanced data byte arrives. As a result, the byte expansion based on the subsequent random H/Q flags will cause the number of data bytes following the first valid enhanced data byte at the Enhanced Bytes Expansion block output to be non-deterministic. Consequently, the number of data bytes following the first valid enhanced data byte at the E8- VSB Pre-processor output (Figure 5.10) will be non-deterministic. This randomness in the number of data bytes at the output of E8-VSB Pre-processor is not acceptable because a pre-determined number of enhanced data packets are required to be multiplexed with a pre-determined number of Main data packets to be a single MPEG compatible data stream at the Main and Enhanced Mux Packet Processor (see Figure 5.12). 23 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 Normal 188-Byte MPEG MUX Packet Uncoded Buffer MPEG Data MPEG Inserts Packets 188-Byte Enhanced Enhanced Enhanced (RS Encoded) Packets into 1/2 MPEG MPEG Compatible the MPEG M/E Packet Packets Multiplex at Byte Buffer Uncoded E8-VSB Defined Flag MPEG Locations in Pre-Processor Enhanced Data 4/184 Each VSB 1/4 MPEG Field Packet M/E Buffer Byte Flag Enhanced 1/2 Rate and Enhanced 1/4 Rate Packets Enhanced Rate Number Per VSB Field Figure 5.12 Main and Enhanced mux packet processor. For example, in the case that the 12-bit map data equals to 0x8DC, 172 segments worth of VSB symbols in a VSB field will be used by the Main data, 40 segments will be used by the enhanced 1/2 rate data and 100 segments will be used by the enhanced 1/4 rate data. This is equivalent to multiplex 172 188-Byte packets of Main data with 140 188-byte packets of the enhanced data at the Main and Enhanced Mux Packet Processor. An incorrect number of the enhanced data bytes at the Main and Enhanced Mux Packet Processor input will cause the subsequent valid enhanced data to be packetized at the incorrect position of a VSB field. In above example, for every 20 164-byte packets of enhanced 1/2 rate data and 25 164-byte packets of enhanced 1/4 rate data at the MPEG Packet 164-byte Converter output (see Figure 5.10), exactly 140 188-byte packets of the enhanced data need to be generated at the Main and Enhanced Mux Packet Processor input. If however, more or less than 140 188-byte packets worth of the enhanced data are generated at the Main and Enhanced Mux Packet Processor input because of the random byte expansion described previously, all the subsequent valid enhanced data bytes will be packetized at an offset from the correct position. This incorrect packetization on the enhanced data will propagate to all the subsequent VSB fields until a controlled reset or a map change occurs that allow the Main and Enhanced Mux Packet Processor to receive the correct number of the enhanced data packets from the beginning. To avoid the problem created by the random H/Q flags corresponding to the initial random data in the Enhanced Data Interleaver when the transmitter system powers up, it is recommended that the Enhanced Bytes Expansion block drops all initial input data and H/Q flags until both of the following two criteria are satisfied: 1) The Enhanced Data Interleaver storage component is full of the valid enhanced RS encoded data. 2) The first byte of the enhanced payload carried by a VSB field is received by the Enhanced Bytes Expansion block. Note that in criterion 2, the first byte of the enhanced payload carried by a VSB field should be readily identifiable by the Enhanced 1/2 Rate and 1/4 Rate Packet Multiplexer (see Figure 5.10). Note also that in order to satisfy both criterion 1 and criterion 2, depending on the 12-bit 24 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 map data specified, much of the initial enhanced data will be dropped together with the initial random data by the Enhanced Bytes Expansion block. It is therefore recommended that the relevant numbers of null MPEG packets are prepended to the valid enhanced 1/2 rate and valid enhanced 1/4 rate MPEG data streams entering into the E8-VSB Pre-Processor upon system power-up. 5.1.4 Segment Packing and Jitter The time-multiplexing (“packing”) of the main and enhanced data packets (and also the multiplexing of the 1/2 rate and 1/4 rate packets) necessarily changes the emission times of packets compared to what they would be in a stream containing only one type of packet. This has two effects on the packets from an MPEG2 systems point of view: • First, since PCRs are stamped before this re-multiplexing, they will become incorrect and must be corrected. • Second, if the source encoder and MPEG2 service multiplexer are unaware of this process, there will be additional buffer excursions caused by the advancement or delay of packets and their contents. In practical situations, the large video buffers in MPEG2 can accommodate these added excursions easily. Buffers in the audio path are much smaller, however, and some applications using particular mix ratios may require special attention. Therefore, the following sections discuss these issues with particular attention to audio. Note that these considerations apply mainly to the main data path, since legacy receiver/decoders cannot receive content transmitted in 1/2-rate or 1/4-rate, and, on the other hand, enhanced receiver/decoders should have additional buffer space in anticipation of this effect. 5.1.4.1 Main Stream Audio Jitter Figure 5.13 shows all the mixes available for E-VSB. The chart axes are 1/4 rate E-VSB along the top and 1/2 rate E-VSB along the left side. Each available mix has its MAP number entered in the chart. Locations where a mix is not available are left blank. Mixes that have transport packet delays which result in there being more than 552 bytes less than expected may cause an underflow condition in the AC-3 audio buffer Bn, when the audio is coded at 448 kbps. These occur at the higher E-VSB mix ratios (lower main stream data rates), shown by the dark shaded squares in Figure 5.13. The left half of the figure reflects the burst mapping mode and the right half reflects the uniform mapping mode. 25 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 1/4 Rate Steps 1/4 Rate Steps 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 256 272 288 304 384 400 448 457 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 256 272 288 304 384 400 448 457 1 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97 105 113 121 257 273 289 305 385 401 449 1 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97 105 113 121 257 273 289 305 385 401 449 2 10 18 26 34 42 50 58 66 74 82 90 98 106 114 122 258 274 290 306 386 402 458 2 10 18 26 34 42 50 58 66 74 82 90 98 106 114 122 258 274 290 306 386 402 458 3 11 19 27 35 43 51 59 67 75 83 91 99 107 115 123 259 275 291 307 387 403 450 3 11 19 27 35 43 51 59 67 75 83 91 99 107 115 123 259 275 291 307 387 403 450 4 12 20 28 36 44 52 60 68 76 84 92 100 108 116 124 260 276 292 308 388 404 451 4 12 20 28 36 44 52 60 68 76 84 92 100 108 116 124 260 276 292 308 388 404 451 5 13 21 29 37 45 53 61 69 77 85 93 101 109 117 125 261 277 293 309 389 405 459 5 13 21 29 37 45 53 61 69 77 85 93 101 109 117 125 261 277 293 309 389 405 459 6 14 22 30 38 46 54 62 70 78 86 94 102 110 118 126 262 278 294 310 390 406 452 6 14 22 30 38 46 54 62 70 78 86 94 102 110 118 126 262 278 294 310 390 406 452 7 15 23 31 39 47 55 63 71 79 87 95 103 111 119 127 263 279 295 311 391 407 453 7 15 23 31 39 47 55 63 71 79 87 95 103 111 119 127 263 279 295 311 391 407 453 128 136 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 216 224 232 240 248 264 280 296 312 392 408 128 136 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 216 224 232 240 248 264 280 296 312 392 408 129 137 145 153 161 169 177 185 193 201 209 217 225 233 241 249 265 281 297 313 393 409 454 129 137 145 153 161 169 177 185 193 201 209 217 225 233 241 249 265 281 297 313 393 409 454 130 138 146 154 162 170 178 186 194 202 210 218 226 234 242 250 266 282 298 314 394 410 455 130 138 146 154 162 170 178 186 194 202 210 218 226 234 242 250 266 282 298 314 394 410 455 131 139 147 155 163 171 179 187 195 203 211 219 227 235 243 251 267 283 299 315 395 411 131 139 147 155 163 171 179 187 195 203 211 219 227 235 243 251 267 283 299 315 395 411 132 140 148 156 164 172 180 188 196 204 212 220 228 236 244 252 268 284 300 316 396 412 456 132 140 148 156 164 172 180 188 196 204 212 220 228 236 244 252 268 284 300 316 396 412 456 1/2 Rate Steps 1/2 Rate Steps 133 141 149 157 165 173 181 189 197 205 213 221 229 237 245 253 269 285 301 317 397 413 133 141 149 157 165 173 181 189 197 205 213 221 229 237 245 253 269 285 301 317 397 413 134 142 150 158 166 174 182 190 198 206 214 222 230 238 246 254 270 286 302 318 398 414 134 142 150 158 166 174 182 190 198 206 214 222 230 238 246 254 270 286 302 318 398 414 135 143 151 159 167 175 183 191 199 207 215 223 231 239 247 255 271 287 303 319 399 415 135 143 151 159 167 175 183 191 199 207 215 223 231 239 247 255 271 287 303 319 399 415 321 323 325 327 329 331 333 335 460 462 464 466 468 321 323 325 327 329 331 333 335 460 462 464 466 468 320 322 324 326 328 330 332 334 492 461 463 465 467 469 320 322 324 326 328 330 332 334 492 461 463 465 467 469 337 339 341 343 345 347 349 351 493 470 472 474 476 337 339 341 343 345 347 349 351 493 470 472 474 476 336 338 340 342 344 346 348 350 494 502 471 473 475 336 338 340 342 344 346 348 350 494 502 471 473 475 353 355 357 359 361 363 365 367 495 503 477 479 353 355 357 359 361 363 365 367 495 503 477 479 352 354 356 358 360 362 364 366 496 504 509 478 352 354 356 358 360 362 364 366 496 504 509 478 369 371 373 375 377 379 381 383 497 505 510 369 371 373 375 377 379 381 383 497 505 510 368 370 372 374 376 378 380 382 498 506 511 368 370 372 374 376 378 380 382 498 506 511 417 419 421 423 425 427 429 431 499 507 417 419 421 423 425 427 429 431 499 507 416 418 420 422 424 426 428 430 500 508 416 418 420 422 424 426 428 430 500 508 433 435 437 439 441 443 445 447 501 433 435 437 439 441 443 445 447 501 432 434 436 438 440 442 444 446 432 434 436 438 440 442 444 446 481 483 485 487 488 481 483 485 487 488 480 482 484 486 480 482 484 486 490 491 490 491 489 489 Bursted Packing Mode Uniform Packing Mode Figure 5.13 Packing modes, data mixes, and jitter. It is apparent that the high jitter occurs with the lower Main stream rates (toward the bottom and right). The lowest Main stream rates are too low to support 448 kbps. The packet jitter experienced by any particular PID stream in a TP stream is proportional to the percentage of the stream utilized by that PID. A PID using half the available packets will experience half the peak jitter for the stream. 5.1.4.1.1 Main Stream Audio Jitter Remedies There are multiple methods to construct the transport stream in order to not violate the MPEG-2 T-STD. Depending on the method used the potential impact of displaced packets varies. 5.1.4.1.1.1 Audio Bit Rate Limitation Since the main audio jitter equals the total main stream jitter times the proportion of the main stream used for audio, this leads to a simple method to manage the audio packet jitter within the legacy hardware’s limits. Reducing the audio coding rate will reduce the jitter. The frame buffer used for audio coding at 192 kbps is 768 bytes, as compared with the frame buffer at 448 kbps of 1792 bytes. The audio buffer fullness for the elementary stream as it goes into the multiplexer can be caused to be higher than the nominal mid point by three packets (552 payload bytes) so that delay in some packets due to TS-E packets does not cause underflow. This delay point is reached when the Transport Stream rate is under 3 Mbps in the burst packing mode and is under 6 Mbps for the uniform packing mode. 5.1.4.1.1.2 Buffer Fullness Method One approach to mitigate the impact of packet displacement could be to model the BSn buffer as smaller in a custom encoder/multiplex system design. The remaining buffer size may constrain the choice of audio coding bit rate for some mix ratios. 5.1.4.1.1.3 Audio Frame Bursting Typical MPEG-2 transport stream multiplexers meter out audio transport packets at a regular rate with a duty cycle set by the ratio of the audio packet rate to the overall packet rate. By altering the audio packet scheduling, the transport stream can be made to be completely tolerant of the variation in E-VSB delay (which is in addition to a fixed delay component) without any impact on the audio buffer (or audio bit rate). Given the maximum variation in delay of X msec imposed by E-VSB , this method requires delivery of all transport packets containing a particular audio 26 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 access unit (audio frame) at least X msec prior to the presentation time for that audio access unit. The AC-3 access units occur every 32 msec. This method requires audio packets to be sent more frequently for (32-X) msec, and then to not be sent during the X msec just prior to the presentation time for the audio frame. The average packet rate is the same, the packets have just been moved around in time. The audio buffer just fills a bit faster while the packets are being sent, and then sits at a constant fullness during the X msec when E-VSB imposes a delay. The value of X depends on the particular E-VSB map number being used. This method can break down in the extreme cases where the audio bit rate is a large fraction of the total bit rate available. This is because in those extreme cases there may no longer be enough flexibility to schedule enough audio packets during the 32-X msec time window due to the fact that some other packets may also have to be delivered during that time period. 5.1.4.1.2 Video Packet Displacement Considerations One alternative that may facilitate meeting this requirement would be to follow the constraints for the level encoded in the video elementary stream, with the following exception to ISO/IEC 13818-1 Section 2.4.2.6, “Definition of overflow and underflow” [9]: Let Fn(t) be the instantaneous fullness of T-STD buffer BSn. Fn(t) = 0 instantaneously before t = t(0) Overflow does not occur if Fn (t) ≤ BSn – (TBD/2) for all t and n. Underflow does not occur if 0 ≤ Fn(t) – (TBD/2) for all t and n. 5.1.4.2 PCR Correction E-VSB exciter/modulator designers should be aware that PCR correction will be required for each of the three packet streams, for main, 1/2 rate, and 1/4 rate. Historically, modulators have avoided doing any such correction; however, with the potentially wide variations in the packet emission times required by many map selections, PCR correction is necessary. Please refer to A/53D Annex C, Section 9.4 [2]. 5.1.5 E-VSB Signal Links The E-VSB signal may be composed of up to three packet streams, for main, 1/2-rate, and 1/4- rate coded transmission. In practice these streams are combined by the service multiplexer into one transport stream for delivery to the modulator/exciter for transmission as shown in Figure 5.12. This is important for many reasons, only one of which is consistency of exciter equipment, whether that equipment is co-located with studio operations or separated and connected to the studio via a studio-to-transmitter (STL) link. 5.1.5.1 STL Types A studio-to-transmitter link (STL) is usually accomplished via a microwave channel or fiber optic link. The two most common microwave types are those designed to carry combined NTSC and ATSC signals across the link and those that are designed to carry only the ATSC or other digital signal. Fiber optic links are usually specialized equipment modules for ATSC that are designed to work between particular fiber optic receiver/transmitter equipment. 27 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 5.1.5.2 Signal Format The DVB-ASI signal standard format has become widely used for moving transport streams between equipment within a television facility or plant. However, most ATSC compliant modulators/exciters employ the SMPTE-310M standard on their inputs. Working with the DVB- ASI standard has advantages that have resulted in widespread uptake for studio transport equipment. The interface rate is fixed at 270 Mbps regardless of payload within the stream and the 270 Mbps data rate makes interfacing with 27 MHz oscillators used in MPEG encoders straightforward. This signal may be routed through most serial digital (270 Mbps) capable routing switchers, which assists in ease of facility design. Furthermore, DVB-ASI’s clock rate tolerance is ±100 ppm as opposed to SMPTE-310M’s tolerance of ± 2.8 ppm, which makes it cost effective to implement as well. Using DVB-ASI throughout the plant is a good practice as long as the output from the STL link is in the SMPTE-310M format for exciter compatibility, as shown in Figure 5.14. Avoiding unnecessary conversions between the two signal formats is advisable so as not to introduce unwanted jitter. A good practice is to keep the signal in DVB-ASI as far in the chain possible for studio gear compatibility and convert to SMPTE-310M as far down the chain as possible, with only one conversion point. An ideal situation is implied in Figure 5.14, where the STL input equipment accepts the DVB-ASI format and its companion receiver emits the SMPTE-310M format. The goal is to ensure that the exciter receives a fully SMPTE-310M compliant (i.e., frequency, slew rate, jitter, etc.) signal. This is important since the ATSC A/53D standard requires that the exciter’s symbol clock be locked to the transport clock. The transport clock is derived from the received SMPTE-310M signal. To SMPTE-310M SMPTE-310M STL STL transmitter's or Transmitter Receiver exciter / DVB-ASI Microwave modulator or Fiber-Optic DVB-ASI To DVB-ASI to SMPTE-310M transmitter's SMPTE-310M exciter / Converter modulator Alternate implementation Figure 5.14 Transport stream formats to transmitter. If the above conventions are followed, the DTV signal at the transport stream level to be sent to the transmitter will be electrically identical to what is sent with legacy 8-VSB. Therefore no STL chain modifications will be necessary. 5.2 Transport In addition to the effects of E-VSB physical layer delays on the transport layer (discussed above) transport for E-VSB involves several additional concepts over and above pure 8-VSB: • PSIP for the content of the Enhanced stream. • PSIP additions to describe the mutual relationship (if any) of material in the Enhanced stream and the Main stream, and to allow close synchronization where required. • Specifications to make streams derived from the E-VSB transmission MPEG2 compliant (such streams include the transport stream received by a legacy receiver and in an 28 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 enhanced receiver, the individual Main and Enhanced streams as well as a synthesized combined stream containing both decoded Main and Enhanced content. Note: The first two listed items may be accomplished by additions to the PSIP specifications, which were under development and in Candidate Standard status at the time of this writing, including enhanced versions of most common PSIP tables. The third item may be accomplished by specification of a reference receiver, also in Candidate Standard status at the time of this writing. The reader is referred to ATSC Standard A/65B (Program and System Information Protocol for Terrestrial Broadcast and Cable) [4] for further details of the related specifications. This document will concentrate on expanded discussion of some particular issues for which more detail may be helpful. 5.2.1 Audio Elementary Stream Multiplexing Audio elementary streams must be formatted into PES packets according to ISO/IEC 13818-1 [9] prior to multiplexing into the ATSC transport stream. ATSC A/53D Annex C, Section 5.5, contains additional requirements for PES packetization for ATSC transport streams, however it does not specify the method of formatting audio access units (AAUs) within PES packets. In particular, the number of AAUs per PES is not specified, nor is the alignment of AAUs within PES packets. Several considerations apply when multiplexing ATSC audio elementary streams. 5.2.1.1 Audio Access Unit (AAU) As indicated in A/52B, an AC-3 or E-AC-3 audio access unit is defined as a sync frame. In the case of AC-3 the sync frame always represents 1536 audio samples (6 blocks of 256 audio samples). In the case of E-AC-3 the sync frame may represent from 256 to 1536 audio samples depending on the number of audio blocks per sync frame (1 to 6). Therefore, for ATSC applications (48 kHz sampling rate) the number of AAUs per second will be as shown in Table 5.2. Table 5.2 Audio Access Unit Rates Bit-Stream Type Blocks/Frame AAUs/Second E-AC-3 1 187.5 E-AC-3 2 93.75 E-AC-3 3 62.5 AC-3 or E-AC-3 6 31.25 5.2.1.2 Alignment Mode The data_alignment_indicator field in the PES header is not strictly defined when packetizing AC-3 and E-AC-3 (which are identified as “private_stream_1” however the field may be interpreted as an audio type in the context of ISO/IEC 13818-1. Similarly the data stream alignment descriptor specified in ISO/IEC 13818-1 is not defined for AC-3 and E-AC-3, but if present, it may be interpreted as an audio type. Whether or not the descriptor is present the only defined audio stream alignment value is type ‘1’ (sync word). In the case of AC-3 and E-AC-3 “sync word” may be interpreted as the syncword field defined in A/52B (0x0B77). Using this interpretation, when the data_alignment_indicator is set to ‘1’ it indicates the first byte of the PES packet payload is an AC-3 or E-AC-3 syncword. When the data_alignment_indicator is set to ‘0’ it is not defined whether the first byte of the PES packet payload is a syncword. When AC-3 or E-AC-3 frames are packetized such that a sync word occurs at the start of each PES packet, and the data_alignment_indicator is always set to ‘1’ the audio can be described as being packetized in the “aligned” mode. If the data_alignment_indicator is always set to ‘0’ and sync words are 29 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 allowed to occur randomly within PES packets, the audio can be described as being packetized in the “non-aligned” mode. In the aligned mode, each PES packet will contain an integer number of AAUs and PES packet sizes are restricted based on the audio frame sizes. In the non-aligned mode, PES packet sizes are not restricted by audio frame sizes. PES packet sizes are also practically limited to the maximum size allowed by the PES_packet_length field (65536 PES payload bytes), and the ISO/IEC 13818-1 requirement that time stamps (PTS) be encoded in the multiplexed PES streams at least every 700 msec (meaning a PES header must occur at least every 700 msec). Therefore the audio PES packet size can contain no more than 700 msec of audio (approximately 21 AC-3 audio frames). While the overhead of the PES packet header is relatively minor, a small advantage in PES packetization efficiency is gained by making larger PES packets. The disadvantage of larger PES packet sizes is longer receiver acquisition time to lock to audio streams, as PES headers (including PTS values) are required to synchronize the audio stream. While it is not required for each audio PES packet header to contain a coded PTS value it is suggested that they do to improve signal acquisition and recovery in the event of errors. DTS values are implied to be equal to PTS values in the case of ATSC audio streams and are not explicitly coded. 5.2.1.3 Transport Stream Efficiency Any PES stream multiplexed in an MPEG-2 transport stream incurs overhead from the transport stream multiplexing process. This includes at least 4 transport stream header bytes per 184 payload bytes plus overhead due to receiver buffer management and other multiplexing requirements. While these are outside the control of the audio encoding or PES packetization process, PES packet sizes can also incur additional transport stream overhead. PES packet headers must always start at the beginning of a transport packet. If the PES packet size does not map to an integer number of transport packets, the last transport packet must contain null stuffing bytes which will incur additional data rate overhead. The additional overhead of multiplexing AC-3 and E-AC-3 audio streams is therefore a function of the audio frame size (bit rate), alignment mode, and number of audio frames per PES packet. As an example, consider PES packetization of AC-3 or 6 block/frame E-AC-3 encoded at 384 kbps (1536 bytes/frame) using the aligned mode. Estimates of transport stream efficiency for this example are shown in Table 5.3. The size of each PES packet (Bytes/PES) will be a multiple of 1536 bytes, as determined by the number of audio access units per PES packet (AAU/PES), plus the size of the PES header, which is assumed to be 14 bytes in this example. TP/PES shows the minimum number of transport packets needed for each PES packet. Based on this number, Null Bytes/PES indicates the number of unused bytes in the last transport packet, including adaptation field and stuffing bytes. Based on an access unit rate of 31.25 AAUs/sec, Null Bitrate indicates the overhead due to the PES packet size in terms of data rate. Total Transport Bitrate indicates the overall data rate required within the transport stream including both PES and transport packetization overhead. This does not factor in additional adaptation fields required for audio transport packets (except for the last packet per PES), or other multiplexing overhead requirements, so it can be considered a minimum bit rate requirement. Efficiency is calculated as the elementary stream bit rate (384 kbps) as a percentage of the required transport stream bit rate. The maximum efficiency in any case is approximately 97.9 percent (184/188). Tables 5.4 and 5.5 show similar examples for 192 kbps and 64 kbps audio streams. 30 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 Table 5.3 Transport Stream Efficiency for 384 kbps Audio (aligned mode) AAU/PES Bytes/PES TP/PES Null Bytes/PES Null Bitrate Total Transport Bitrate Efficiency 1 1550 9 106 26.5 kbps 423.0 kbps 90.8% 2 3086 17 42 5.3 kbps 399.5 kbps 96.1% 3 4622 26 162 13.5 kbps 407.3 kbps 94.3% 4 6158 34 98 6.1 kbps 399.5 kbps 96.1% 5 7694 42 34 1.7 kbps 394.8 kbps 97.3% 6 9230 51 154 6.4 kbps 399.5 kbps 96.1% 7 10766 59 90 3.2 kbps 396.1 kbps 96.9% 8 12302 67 26 0.8 kbps 393.6 kbps 97.6% 9 13838 76 146 4.1 kbps 396.9 kbps 96.8% 10 15374 84 82 2.1 kbps 394.8 kbps 97.3% For the non-aligned mode PES packet sizes can be restricted to multiples of 184 bytes, to match an integer number of transport packets, largely eliminating extra PES packetization overhead. There still may be additional overhead due to transport packetization requirements and receiver buffer management, however. The above examples imply constant bit rate audio encoding (fixed audio frame sizes). Variable bit rate coding may result in more or less multiplexing overhead. 5.2.1.4 E-AC-3 Considerations Enhanced AC-3 has the advantage of finer data rate granularity as compared to AC-3. Whereas AC-3 frames are restricted in size, E-AC-3 frames can be any size from 1 to 2048 16-bit words. Therefore, the encoded E-AC-3 frame size can be matched to a specific PES packetization format for maximum efficiency. For example, in the first case shown in Table 5.3 (1 AAU/PES) the E-AC-3 frame size may be increased to 1642 bytes (821 words) to utilize the otherwise wasted null bits. In this case a 410.5 kbps E-AC-3 stream may be transmitted with no additional penalty in terms of transport bit rate. Alternatively, the frame size may be reduced to 1458 bytes, corresponding to a 364.5 kbps E-AC-3 stream, reducing the audio bit rate by 19.5 kbps but saving 47 kbps in overall transport stream bit rate. When E-AC-3 streams are used in the fallback mode, where the E-AC-3 streams are linked with AC-3 streams, A/53D requires the E-AC-3 audio access units (frames) to “match” the AC-3 frames in the sense that they encode an equivalent set of audio samples and that the presentation times of the corresponding frames be the same. This does not require the AC-3 and E-AC-3 streams to be PES packetized in the same manner. Each PES stream may be optimized for efficiency in cases where the AC-3 and E-AC-3 frame sizes/bit rates differ. 31 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 Table 5.4 Transport Stream Efficiency for 192 kbps Audio (aligned mode) AAU/PES Bytes/PES TP/PES Null Bytes/PES Null Bitrate Total Transport Bitrate Efficiency 1 782 5 138 34.5 kbps 235.0 kbps 81.7% 2 1550 9 106 13.3 kbps 211.5 kbps 90.8% 3 2318 13 74 6.2 kbps 203.7 kbps 94.3% 4 3086 17 42 2.6 kbps 199.8 kbps 96.1% 5 3854 21 10 0.5 kbps 197.4 kbps 97.3% 6 4622 26 162 6.8 kbps 203.7 kbps 94.3% 7 5390 30 130 4.6 kbps 201.4 kbps 95.3% 8 6158 34 98 3.1 kbps 199.8 kbps 96.1% 9 6926 38 66 1.8 kbps 198.4 kbps 96.8% 10 7694 42 34 0.9 kbps 197.4 kbps 97.3% Table 5.4 Transport Stream Efficiency for 64 kbps Audio (aligned mode) AAU/PES Bytes/PES TP/PES Null Bytes/PES Null Bitrate Total Transport Bitrate Efficiency 1 270 2 98 24.5 kbps 94.0 kbps 68.1% 2 526 3 26 3.3 kbps 70.5 kbps 90.8% 3 782 5 138 11.5 kbps 78.3 kbps 81.7% 4 1038 6 66 4.1 kbps 70.5 kbps 90.8% 5 1294 8 178 8.9 kbps 75.2 kbps 85.1% 6 1550 9 106 4.4 kbps 70.5 kbps 90.8% 7 1806 10 34 1.2 kbps 67.1 kbps 95.3% 8 2062 12 146 4.6 kbps 70.5 kbps 90.8% 9 2318 13 74 2.1 kbps 67.9 kbps 94.3% 10 2574 14 2 0.1 kbps 65.8 kbps 97.3% 5.2.2 Exciter Delay Compensation The amount of delay compensation required in each packet stream (main, 1/2 rate, and 1/4 rate) for each E-VSB mix is detailed in Annex B. Smooth change of mix rate depends on coordinating the change in delays with the change in mix. When the length of a compensating delay is changed, the initial conditions of the delay FIFO contents should be managed. Decreasing the FIFO length necessarily deletes some content, while increasing it will result in a gap in data provided to the exciter, which should be filled with null packets. When coordinated with the mix rate bit map change, this break in the streams will coincide with the interleaver buffer flushing of the receiver, rather than producing a separate additional break. 5.3 Advanced Video Coding Use of advanced codecs in the enhanced stream maintains the highest possible main stream rate. The details of their use were not finalized at the time of this writing. Note: Use of legacy video and audio codecs in the enhanced stream is allowed, but consideration should be given to the bit rate required and the impact on the remaining main stream available bit rate. 5.4 Advanced Audio Coding – Enhanced-AC-3 5.4.1 Overview Enhanced AC-3 has been designed to meet four major requirements of a next-generation broadcast audio codec: compatibility with legacy equipment, improved spectrum efficiency, cost effectiveness, and interoperability with other future media formats. E-AC-3 offers new coding 32 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 tools that fundamentally improve audio performance and new features that allow operation over a wider range of bit-rates and numbers of channels as compared to AC-3. E-AC-3 bit streams can also be converted into AC-3 bit streams for playback compatibility on consumer’s existing A/V decoders. Since E-AC-3 builds upon the basic AC-3 algorithm specified in the main body of ATSC A/52B, all decoders for the Enhanced version will also decode all legacy AC-3 bit streams. In addition, although the new enhanced audio format is not directly compatible with current AC-3 decoders, it is feasible to perform a modest complexity conversion into a compliant AC-3 bit stream syntax, thus enabling backwards compatibility to legacy decoders that have IEC 60958 [6] bit stream inputs. Enhanced AC-3 can be operated in one of two modes: 1) fallback audio or other audio services related to a primary video service, and 2) new audio services completely unrelated to existing primary video services. 5.4.2 Fallback Audio 5.4.2.1 Transmission Enhanced AC-3 is ideal for fallback (backup) audio. Because the Enhanced AC-3 builds on the basic AC-3 coding structure, the same encoder and decoder can handle both main and fallback audio. At the broadcast site, for each AC-3 frame (corresponding to 1536 PCM input samples) the audio encoder produces two encoded output packets. Both packets are generated from identical input audio samples. The first packet (main) contains a main AC-3 frame (e.g., 1536 bytes in the case of a 5.1 channel program encoded at 384 kbps). The second packet (fallback) contains an Enhanced AC-3 frame (e.g., 384 bytes for a 2 channel matrix-encoded downmix of the 5.1 channel program encoded at 96 kbps). The main audio packet is muxed into the MPEG-2 transport stream for transmission via 8-VSB (TS-M). The fallback packet is muxed into the MPEG-2 transport stream intended for transmission via the E-VSB mode (TS-E). The PTS values in the MPEG-2 PES packets will be identical for the corresponding main and fallback audio packets, as shown in Figure 5.15. Figure 5.15 Audio Encoding for Fallback. 5.4.2.2 Reception At the receiver the audio decoder will, in good reception conditions, be delivered the stream of main audio frame packets (each containing one AC-3 frame of encoded audio). In the event one 33 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 of the main AC-3 audio packets contains errors, the corresponding E-AC-3 fallback packet is delivered to the audio decoder. The Enhanced AC-3 decoder seamlessly decodes either type of packet and produces a seamless audio output. In order to provide seamless audio when the audio decoding is taking place in an external home theater A/V decoder, the backup E-AC-3 audio packet is transcoded into a bit stream that is fully compliant with the main AC-3 syntax. Figure 5.16 shows a block diagram of the receiver audio decode path. Figure 5.16 Audio decoding for fallback. 5.4.2.3 Additional Audio Services Other audio services related to primary video that are carried by the E-VSB modulation may also be encoded with the Enhanced AC-3 system. 5.4.3 New Devices and Services The greater coding efficiency of Enhanced AC-3 makes it feasible to deliver new audio services that are not related to the primary video services. Devices receiving these new services may be the same devices that receive standard ATSC broadcast signals, or they may be unique devices intended only for advanced services. Some of these new receivers may include the same two audio outputs (analog and IEC 61937 [7] bitstream) as today’s products. Alternatively, lower complexity options may be applied to mobile or non-real time devices. Regardless of the complexity, all enhanced decoders will be able to decode both AC-3 and Enhanced AC-3 bit streams. 5.4.4 Technical Description The Enhanced AC-3 technology is an extension of the AC-3 audio standard described in the main body of the ATSC A/52B document [1]. Enhanced AC-3 offers typical operating points that provide better overall audio quality at lower bit rates when compared to AC-3. 5.4.4.1 Enhancements for Lower Data Rates Enhancements for lower data rates are achieved through additional algorithms and functionality in both the encoder and decoder. Some of the improvements are simply better algorithm trade- offs for lower data rates, and do not increase complexity. Others use small increases in complexity to improve the performance. 34 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 The main algorithm enhancement for lower data rates is the inclusion of a high-frequency regeneration (HFR) technique, though additional, relatively simple algorithms such as Huffman coding may be used to provide additional coding gain. High-frequency regeneration works by synthesizing the audio spectrum above a specified frequency through non-linear distortions, spectral folding or spectral translation. Because all spectral coefficients above the specified frequency are synthesized during decoding, the encoder does not need to transmit any spectral coefficients above the specified frequency. Instead, the encoder must only transmit information that enables the decoder to restore the original spectral envelope of the waveform. The HFR technique can be used in place of the channel coupling algorithm to improve lower data rate performance. There are two main reasons why the HFR algorithm is better suited to low data rates than the coupling algorithm. First, the HFR algorithm can operate on mono signals, whereas the coupling algorithm cannot. Second, while both algorithms require the encoder to transmit information to restore the spectral envelope of the original waveform, the coupling algorithm also requires the encoder to transmit a composite channel of spectral coefficients for frequencies above the coupling frequency. For these reasons, the HFR technique can provide better overall audio quality than coupling at very low bit rates for all channel configurations. 5.4.4.2 Compatibility with Existing Infrastructure An important aspect of the current ATSC system allows the compressed AC-3 frames to be transmitted over a standardized interface, currently IEC 60958, to external devices like home A/V receivers that enable reproduction of the full multi-channel audio experience. A benefit of Enhanced AC-3 is that it enables conversion of Enhanced AC-3 streams to AC-3 streams without the need for an AC-3 encoder in the ATSC receiver. This maintains compatibility with the existing infrastructure while minimizing complexity in the ATSC receiver. Conversion to the standard format is performed by partially decoding the E-AC-3 bit stream, modifying the data that is not common in the two formats, and repacking the data into an AC-3 bit stream. The enhanced encoder supplies additional side-chain information that the conversion device uses to eliminate the need for rate control, a major source of complexity. Figure 5.17 shows the audio decoding and conversion stages for E-AC-3 with PCM and AC-3 bit stream output. Decoded Finish PCM Decode Output Enhanced Partial AC-3 Decode Bit Stream Finish AC-3 Bit Conversion Stream Figure 5.17 E-AC-3 decoding and conversion. 5.4.4.3 Seamless Transition Between Main and Robust Channels Another benefit of using an extension of the core AC-3 technology for the enhanced channel is that both the Enhanced AC-3 technology and AC-3 can operate at identical sampling rates with the same time basis. This enables switching between main and enhanced channels on any frame boundary with no gaps in the decoded audio, provided that corresponding frames of the main and 35 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 enhanced channels were encoded from identical PCM input samples. Additionally, using the conversion technique described above, the digital audio connection (IEC 60958 [6], Toslink) can maintain an uninterrupted AC-3 output even when the ATSC receiver transitions between main and fallback channels. This ensures that there will be no gaps in the audio decoded by an external device as well.. 5.4.4.4 Flexibility for New Devices and Services For applications that do not require compatibility with legacy AC-3 decoders, additional flexibility is built into the Enhanced AC-3 system that can be used to further reduce the data rate. For example, the Enhanced AC-3 system can be run at sample rates lower than 48 kHz to yield increased bandwidth efficiency. 5.4.4.5 Compatibility of Enhanced AC-3 on Transport Stream and Video Codec As with AC-3 bit streams, Enhanced AC-3 bit streams are transport stream and video codec agnostic. 5.4.5 Enhanced AC-3 Features 5.4.5.1 Expanded Data Rate Flexibility Enhanced AC-3 sync frames may contain 1, 2, 3, or 6 blocks, representing 256, 512, 768, or 1536 audio samples respectively. Each Enhanced AC-3 sync frame may contain up to 32768 bits of compressed data. The number of blocks per sync frame and the number of compressed data bits per frame can be adjusted to achieve significantly more data rate flexibility than AC-3, including the following possibilities: • Greater maximum theoretical data rate • Finer data rate granularity 5.4.5.1.1 Greater Maximum Data Rate The maximum data rate allowed by Enhanced AC-3 is achieved when every sync frame contains 32768 compressed data bits. Table 5.5 shows the maximum data rates for various sample rates and numbers of blocks per sync frame. Table 5.5 Maximum Data Rates 1 Block / Frame 2 Blocks / Frame 3 Blocks / Frame 6 Blocks / Frame 48 kHz 6.144 Mbps 3.072 Mbps 2.048 Mbps 1.024 Mbps 44.1 kHz 5.644 Mbps 2.822 Mbps 1.881 Mbps 0.940 Mbps 32 kHz 4.096 Mbps 2.048 Mbps 1.365 Mbps 0.682 Mbps 5.4.5.1.2 Finer Data Rate Granularity The number of compressed data bits per sync frame, which is proportional to the data rate, can be adjusted in steps as small as 16 bits. Table 5.6 shows the corresponding minimum data rate adjustment step size for various sample rates and numbers of blocks per sync frame. Note that some entries have been truncated. For comparison, the smallest step size between AC-3 data rates is 8 kbps. Table 5.6 Minimum Data Rate Adjustment Step Size 1 Block / Frame 2 Blocks / Frame 3 Blocks / Frame 6 Blocks / Frame 48 kHz 3.000 kbps 1.500 kbps 1.000 kbps 0.500 kbps 44.1 kHz 2.756 kbps 1.378 kbps 0.918 kbps 0.459 kbps 32 kHz 2.000 kbps 1.000 kbps 0.666 kbps 0.333 kbps 36 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 5.4.5.2 Spectral Extension Enhanced AC-3 decoders support a new coding technique called spectral extension. Like channel coupling, spectral extension codes the highest frequency content of the signal more efficiently Spectral extension recreates a signal’s high frequency spectrum from side data transmitted in the bit stream that characterizes the original signal, as well as from actual signal content from the lower frequency portion of the signal. Because spectral extension does not require transmission of the high frequency composite channel frequency coefficients, spectral extension can offer greater data reduction than channel coupling. Additionally, spectral extension can be used to provide data reduction for mono signals, while channel coupling requires at least two channels in order to operate. Because it may be desirable, in some circumstances, to use channel coupling for a mid-range portion of the frequency spectrum and spectral extension for the higher-range portion of the frequency spectrum, spectral extension is fully compatible with channel coupling. Both tools can be enabled at the same time, for different portions of the frequency spectrum. 5.4.5.3 Transient Pre-Noise Processing This is an optional decoder tool that improves audible performance by the substitution of audio segments just before transients to reduce the duration of pre-noise distortions. This technique is called time scaling synthesis, where synthesized PCM audio segments are used to eliminate the transient pre-noise, thereby improving the perceived quality of low-bit rate audio coded transient material. To enable the decoder to efficiently perform transient pre-noise processing with no impact on decoding latency, transient location detection and time scaling synthesis analysis is performed by the encoder and the information transmitted to the decoder. The encoder performs transient pre-noise processing for each full bandwidth audio channel and transmits helper information once per frame, only when necessary (i.e., when transients are present that will benefit from the technique). 5.4.5.4 Adaptive Hybrid Transform Processing In 1995, the transform employed in AC-3, based on a modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) of length 256 frequency samples, provided a reasonable tradeoff between audio coding gain and decoder implementation cost. With continuing advances in silicon manufacturing processes over the years, the integrated circuit complexity which constitutes a reasonable level has now increased. This increase in chip performance provides an opportunity to improve the coding gain of AC-3, and hence perceptual audio quality at a given bit-rate, by increasing the length of the transform. This is accomplished through use of the Adaptive Hybrid Transform (AHT). The AHT is composed of two linear transforms connected in cascade. The first transform is identical to that employed in AC-3—a windowed Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (MDCT) of length 128 or 256 frequency samples. This feature provides compatibility with AC-3 without the need to return to the time domain when converting the E-AC-3 stream into an AC-3 stream for the S/PDIF output. For frames containing audio signals which are not time-varying in nature (stationary), a second transform can optionally be applied by the encoder, and inverted by the decoder. The second transform is composed of a non-windowed, non-overlapped Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT Type II). When the second transform is employed, the effective audio transform length increases from 256 to 1536 audio samples. In order to best realize the additional coding gain made available by the AHT, the AC-3 scalar quantizers have been augmented with two new coding tools. When AHT is in use, both 6- dimensional vector quantization (VQ) and gain-adaptive quantization (GAQ) are employed. VQ is employed for the largest step sizes (coarsest quantization), and GAQ is employed for the 37 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 smallest step sizes (finest quantization). The selection of quantizer step size is performed using the same parametric bit allocation method as AC-3, except the conventional bit allocation pointer table is replaced with a high-efficiency bit allocation table which employs finer-granularity than the conventional one, thus enabling more efficient allocation of bits. The combination of the higher spectral resolution provided by the hybrid transform, the high efficiency bit allocation pointers, vector quantization, and gain adaptive quantization, lead to a coding efficiency increase of approximately 6 kbps per channel, and hence improved perceptual performance, for stationary signals. 5.4.5.5 Enhanced Coupling Coupling, as implemented in AC-3, is a bit savings technique that allows high frequency sounds to be combined and conveyed by a single composite encoded channel (rather than multiple independent channels). Side information is conveyed to the decoder and is used to reconstruct the high frequency amplitude envelope of each individual channel on a subband by subband basis. Audio quality can suffer if the “coupling frequency” is brought down too low. Enhanced Coupling is a new tool that improves the imaging properties of coupled signals by adding phase compensation to the amplitude-based processing of conventional coupling. Prior to downmixing the coupled channels to a composite signal, the encoder derives both amplitude, and additionally interchannel phase information, on a subband basis for each channel. The phase information includes a decorrelation scale factor as a measure of the variation of the phase within a frame. This side chain information is transmitted to the decoder once per frame. The decoder uses the information to recover the multiple output channels from the composite signal using a combination of both amplitude scaling and phase rotation. The result is an improvement in sound imaging over conventional coupling. This improvement allows the technique to be used at lower frequencies than conventional coupling, thus improving coding efficiency. Additional benefits include greater resistance to undesired signal cancellations during creation of the composite channel, and preservation of phase information required by 2:N matrix systems, such as Dolby Pro Logic. In the case of a 2 channel fallback service, inclusion of this technique makes it practical to optionally apply additional processing (e.g., matrix decoding) to reconstruct a multichannel signal from the 2 channel fallback service, thus significantly improving the fallback experience for the consumer. 5.4.5.6 Channel and Program Extensions The Enhanced AC-3 bit stream syntax allows for time-multiplexed substreams to be present in a single bit stream. By allowing time-multiplexed substreams, the Enhanced AC-3 bit stream syntax enables a single program with greater than 5.1 channels, multiple programs of up to 5.1 channels, or a mixture of programs with up to 5.1 channels and programs with greater than 5.1 channels, to be carried in a single bit stream. These extra channels do not affect a two or 5.1 channel decoder in ATSC broadcast applications. 5.4.5.7 Sample Rate Processing Additional metadata is reserved for applications that involve source material sampled at 2x the nominal rate, such as 96 khz and 88.2 khz. 5.4.5.8 Mixing Control Processing Additional metadata is reserved for applications that involve the mixing of two program streams. These applications require control of the mixing process and resultant dynamic range control metadata, such as dynrng, compr, and dialnorm. This change reserves data capacity to accomplish this. 38 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 5.5 E-VSB Receiver 5.5.1 E-VSB Receiver Front End Overview Figure 5.18 shows the receiver block diagram of the E-VSB broadcast transmission system. Frame Sync E-VSB Map Tuner Demodulator Recovery Recovery E-VSB Data Attribute Generator Channel Channel MPEG streams Equalizer Decoder Figure 5.18 Block diagram of E-VSB receiver. Receiver designs can differ somewhat from the block diagram of Figure 5.18. However, the above block diagram has all essential blocks for E-VSB signal processing. The following sections describe each functional block except the tuner. 5.5.1.1 Demodulator The demodulator performs automatic gain control, carrier recovery, clock timing recovery, pilot removal and NTSC rejection, etc., on the received intermediate frequency (IF) signal. For a detailed discussion of VSB demodulation, please refer to ATSC document A/54A [3]. 5.5.1.2 Frame Sync Recovery The receiver performs synchronization of the VSB data frame using either the demodulator output or equalizer output. The frame synchronization process for an E-VSB receiver is the same as for an 8-VSB-only receiver. The frame sync recovery block provides a field sync signal and a segment sync signal to other blocks such as the channel equalizer, E-VSB MAP recovery block and E-VSB channel decoder. Note that it is necessary to distinguish between the two fields in a frame in order to receive the E-VSB map data correctly. 5.5.1.3 Channel Equalizer The performance of the channel equalizer in an E-VSB receiver is enhanced by feedback from the Viterbi decoder that includes the more-reliable symbol decisions of the enhanced symbols. Equalizer modes such as blind equalization and parameters such as step size may be more reliably controlled by taking into account the differences in reliability measures generated by E- VSB symbols vs. normal 8-VSB symbols. A detailed discussion of the general equalization issue is beyond the scope of this document. Interested readers may consult the ATSC Technology Group Report T3-600, “DTV Signal Reception and Processing Considerations”. 39 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 To degenerate residual phase noise that is not completely compensated by the IF phase – locked loop (PLL) of the demodulator, a phase tracking loop may be included as part of the channel equalizer block in Figure 5.18. The phase tracker takes advantage of decision feedback to determine the phase offset and corrects a wider bandwidth of phase perturbations than the carrier PLL. For details of the phase tracker implemented in the Grand Alliance prototype ATSC 8VSB receiver, refer to document A/54A [3]. 5.5.2 E-VSB MAP Recovery The E-VSB Map data contains the information of how the main stream, enhanced 1/2-rate stream, and enhanced 1/4-rate stream are multiplexed in a data field. Five steps are needed to recover the E-VSB Map in current use. E-VSB Map recovery can be performed with the output of the demodulator as shown in Figure 5.18 or with the output of the equalizer. For best performance under strong ghost conditions, recovery from the equalizer output is preferred. A preliminary, partially converged equalization is sufficient to allow recognition of the map code by the recovery circuits even in the most difficult ghosting conditions. 1) Frame synchronization. The E-VSB Map data is carried within the (formerly) reserved area of the data field sync. The map data alternates polarity in successive data fields, and has the same polarity as the alternating middle PN63 sequence of the data field sync. Therefore the receiver should find the field sync segment and detect the polarity of the field as mentioned above. 2) 64-symbol extraction. The map occupies the first 64 symbols following the VSB mode bits. These symbols formerly were part of 92 reserved symbols in the field sync segment. Note that legacy 8-VSB transmitters may put a fixed pattern of symbols in this area. The presence of a repeated non-alternating bit pattern can be used to recognize a legacy 8- VSB transmission with no enhanced data. It is also possible for E-VSB capable transmitters to signal the zero-enhanced-data case by sending map number = 0. When E- VSB map data is present, it is inverted according to the polarity of the middle PN63 sequence, and passed to the Kerdock decoder. 3) Kerdock decoding. The 64 symbols for E-VSB Map code word represent 12 map data bits, encoded by (64,12) Kerdock coding. The decoding can be performed by simple and repeated correlations. First of all, the 64 data bits in serial form are converted into parallel form and are stored in memory. Note that the total number of possible codewords is 4096. The stored received codeword is correlated with all 4096 possible codewords, and the word with the greatest correlation is chosen as correct. One possible way of generating the 4096 words for correlation is as follows: A 12-bit counter is used to generate all the possible 12-bit messages in sequence. Each 12-bit code from the counter is encoded to a 64-bit codeword by the (64,12) Kerdock coding specified in the transmission standard. Each 64-bit codeword is correlated with the 64 symbols that are stored in memory. The correlation process is repeated 4096 times and the 12-bit counter value that generates the maximum correlation is selected as the decoding result. A sequential decoding scheme like this can be used if accomplished in one frame time, because the decoded result is used not in the current data frame but in the next data frame. The value(s) of the correlation(s) can be used as a reliability index at the following Map Decision step. 4) Map decision. The last 2 bits of 12-bit decoded map data are for Map Change Countdown. Complete E-VSB Map data can be constructed with one VSB frame, which consists of 2 fields. The Map Change Countdown is comprised of 4 bits, two from each field. The Odd field (positive PN63) contains the high-order 2 bits and the Even field (negative PN63) contains the low-order 2 bits. The change of map can take place once 40 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 per 16 data frames and the time to use the new map is indicated by the Map Change Countdown. When the map change is needed, the counter is decremented in steps of 1 from 15 to 0. When the counter reaches 0, the map will be changed at the next frame. There are two states for map decision. One state is for no map change. In this state, the map from the odd field is the same as the map from the even field. That is, every 12-bit map message during this state is the same on even and odd fields, and this condition can be used for more reliable Kerdock decoding or for decision of the map in use. The other state is for a map change countdown period. The map currently in use is signaled in the odd field and the next map to be used is signaled in the even field. The next map is signaled repeatedly for 16 frames in advance (17 frames in advance including countdown state 0 and the 1-frame delay) so that the receiver can change maps reliably. A reliability index developed in step (4) may be used to verify the presence or absence of E-VSB data. If the reliability measure is low for several successive fields, the receiver may decide that the signal is 100 percent conventional 8-VSB only (map number 0). This can provide extra protection against false indication of the presence of enhanced data in extremely poor signal conditions. 5.5.3 E-VSB MAP Interpretation After the map for the next frame is decided, the 10-bit map data is interpreted. See Figures 5.19 and 5.20. The first 9 bits of the 10-bit map data comprise a Map Number. The following 1 bit indicates Packing Mode. The Map Number is used to determine the transmitted mix ratio of main, 1/2-rate and 1/4-rate data from 512 choices. Step Numbers for enhanced packets are obtained through table lookup from Map Numbers (Table D5.3, Annex D of A/53D [2]). The numbers of the 1/2 rate or 1/4 rate segments per data field are obtained through a second table lookup based on their respective Step Numbers (Table D5.4a and Table D5.4b, Annex D of A/53D [2]). Finally, the Packing Mode indicates which of two multiplexing patterns is in use. The combination of the packing mode and the particular 9 bit map number determines both how 1/2 rate and 1/4 rate packets are multiplexed with each other, and how the combined 1/2 rate and 1/4 rate enhanced packet stream is multiplexed with the main mode packets. The interpretation for these 10 bits is described in detail in ATSC A/53D [2]. The Map Number is used to address a lookup table that indicates a “Step Number” for 1/2 rate EVSB data and another “Step Number” for 1/4 rate EVSB data. These Step Numbers are address entries for a second tier of two tables that indicate respectively the number of data segments per frame devoted to carrying 1/2 rate and 1/4 rate EVSB data. The placement of the enhanced data in a data frame is then determined by one of two algorithms (according to the packing control bit). One algorithm is generally described as “bursted” (also “bunched”, “one of four”), the other as “uniform”. 41 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 64 bits in Data Field Sync “Reserved” bits Kerdock Decoder 12 bits 9 bits 1 bit Higher order 2 bits Odd (positive PN63) field Current Map Number Current Pack Mode Map Change Countdown IHGFEDCBA P C3C2 Table Step Numbers vs. Map Number (Decimal value 0-31) (0-31) Table Table Number of ½ Rate segments Number of 1/4 Rate segments vs. Step Number vs. Step Number (0-311) (Decimal value 0-311) Packing Algorithm Current Segment Locations Figure 5.19 Decoding of current segment map. 42 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 64 bits in Data Field Sync “Reserved” bits Kerdock Decoder 12 bits 9 bits 1 bit Lower order 2 bits Even (negative PN63) field Next Map Number Next Pack Mode Map Change Countdown IHGFEDCBA P C1C0 Table Step Numbers vs. Map Number (Decimal value 0-31) (0-31) Table Table Number of ½ Rate segments Number of 1/4 Rate segments vs. Step Number vs. Step Number (0-311) (Decimal value 0-311) Packing Algorithm “Next” Segment Locations Figure 5.20 Decoding of next segment map. 5.5.4 E-VSB Data Attributes and the Attribute Flag Generator For the correct decoding and de-multiplexing of the E-VSB signal, E-VSB data must be distinguished from normal (main) 8-VSB data. This identification is based upon the timing of the multiplex in the data field. In addition, some transmission processing of the E-VSB data varies from symbol to symbol based on past history and must be identified in order to decode the symbols correctly. Attributes of the VSB and E-VSB data are needed at the symbol and byte domains, and at two places in packet domains. In the following discussion, the reader should refer to Figure 5.22 (decoder diagram) for the points of application of the attributes. Attributes are implemented as 1-bit flag values in hardware. 5.5.4.1 Descriptions of E-VSB Data Attributes Data Attributes used in decoding E-VSB include a Main/Enhanced (M/E) Packet Attribute, an Enhanced Byte half-rate/quarter-rate (H/Q) Attribute, an Enhanced Packet H/Q Attribute, and a group of four E-VSB Symbol Attributes: M/E, H/Q, Flip, and RBEQ. The latter two will be explained below. The main/enhanced (M/E) Packet attribute is used at the RS decoder, the Data De- randomizer output, and the Main Packet Remover (refer to Figure 5.22 for the location). This 43 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 packet attribute indicates to the RS decoder whether a received packet is a main packet or an enhanced packet. The RS decoder works normally for main packets, but simply deletes the RS bytes of enhanced packets. At the output of the Data De-randomizer, the M/E packet attribute is used to replace the received headers of enhanced packets (which may contain errors) with locally generated MPEG null headers, to insure that downstream hardware does not falsely recognize enhanced packets as main packets. This is useful both for a subsequent main-only decoder, or for hardware that combines the main and enhanced streams into a single MPEG transport stream. In the main packet remover, the M/E packet attribute is used to delete main packets from the stream so that the output contains only enhanced packets. The Enhanced Byte H/Q attribute is used at the null bit remover. 1-byte data, which are input into the null bit remover, can be either a 1/2-rate byte or a 1/4-rate byte. The Enhanced Byte H/Q attribute indicates which bit-dropping pattern should be used by the null bit remover, in order to combine, respectively, two 1/2-rate input bytes or four 1/4-rate input bytes into one enhanced byte. The Enhanced Packet H/Q attribute is used at the enhanced packet de-multiplexer to distinguish 1/2-rate enhanced packets from 1/4-rate enhanced packets and output two separate enhanced streams. There are four E-VSB symbol attributes, all used at the Viterbi decoder. These are: the M/E Symbol Attribute (which indicates whether a symbol is a main symbol or an enhanced symbol), the H/Q Symbol Attribute (which indicates whether an enhanced symbol is a 1/2-rate symbol or a 1/4-rate symbol), the RBEQ attribute (which indicates whether the repeated bits of two 1/4-rate enhanced symbols remain equal or are altered after data randomizing), and the Flip attribute (which indicates that the symbol is from the recalculated RS parity). The usages of the symbol attributes are described in detail in the section below on the Viterbi decoder. 5.5.4.2 Implementation of the E-VSB Data Attribute Flag Generator Figure 5.21 shows the block diagram of the E-VSB data attribute flag generator. This generator is synchronized with the data field sync signal and generates a M/E packet flag for every data segment, an enhanced packet H/Q flag for every enhanced packet, an enhanced byte H/Q flag for every enhanced byte, and four symbol attribute flags (M/E, H/Q, RBEQ, Flip) for every symbol. 44 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 Enhanced Mode Map M/E Enhanced Packet Packet H/Q 1 (M) Flag Main/Enhanced Packet MUXES Flag H/Q SWITCH 1 (H) H/Q B=46,M=4 Main Flag 184-bit Bit Bit Generator Repeater Expander M/E 0 (Q) Interleaver Enhanced Byte H/Q Flag Byte Flags 2 (M/E, H/Q) Symbol Flags Data Byte-to- (M/E, H/Q, RBEQ, Flip) Flip Flag Data Randomizer Symbol Generator Interleaver Compensation Converter 3 4 (M/E, H/Q, RBEQ) (M/E, H/Q, RBEQ, Flip) Figure 5.21 E-VSB data attribute flag generator. The E-VSB data attribute flag generator in the receiver has a signal path similar to the E- VSB data-encoding path at the transmitter. First of all, The Enhanced Packet H/Q Switch generates the enhanced packet H/Q flag using the enhanced mode map and field sync, by switching the H or Q value onto the flag line in synchronism with the type of packet being received. Recall that the enhanced mode map indicates the number of 1/2-rate enhanced data segments, the number of 1/4-rate enhanced data segments, and their positions in the data field. Therefore, the enhanced packet mux can generate the corresponding attribute flag bit for each data packet. This produces a serial stream of Enhanced Packet H/Q flag bits, each of which corresponds to a data packet. The 184-bit Repeater corresponds to the enhanced RS encoder for flag generation. This repeater receives the 1-bit enhanced packet H/Q flag and outputs 184 repeated flags, which correspond to the 184 bytes in a 184-byte enhanced RS packet. The Bit Interleaver corresponds to the enhanced data byte interleaver in the transmitter. It receives the output of the 184-bit repeater and performs bitwise convolutional interleaving of the flag bit stream with parameters (B = 46, M = 4), that is, in the same pattern as the enhanced data byte interleaving in the transmitter. Note that the internal memories of the bit interleaver should be initialized at the beginning of the first data field received after synchronization. The Bit Expander corresponds to the data byte expander in the transmitter. It expands a flag bit (corresponding to a data byte) to 2 or 4 bits (corresponding to two or four data bytes) for 1/2- rate or 1/4-rate data respectively. When a 1/2-rate flag is input, the expander outputs two serial 1/2-rate flag bits. When a 1/4-rate flag is input, the expander outputs four serial 1/4-rate flag bits. The bit expander output is the serial stream of Enhanced Byte H/Q Attribute flag bits, each of which indicates the attribute for its corresponding data byte. The Main Flag Generator generates a stream of 188 M/E flag bits for each enhanced packet, always indicating that the first four bytes (the compatible header bytes) are Main and that the following 184 bytes of the enhanced packet are Enhanced. It also passes through the Enhanced 45 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 Byte H/Q flag stream and prepends four “don’t-care” place-holder bits per packet to make 188 serial H/Q bits per packet. The output of the Main Flag Generator block consists of two parallel streams, one indicating whether the corresponding data byte is Main or Enhanced, the other indicating whether the corresponding data byte is a 1/2-rate or 1/4-rate encoded byte. The Main/Enhanced Packet MUX multiplexes the flags for main packets (which indicate Main for all bytes in the packet) and the flags for enhanced packets produced by the Main Flag Generator. This mux is synchronized with the field sync signal and generates packet-wise attributes as well as byte-wise attributes according to the multiplexing map signaled in the data field sync segment. It generates both the Main/Enhanced Packet Attribute flag bit stream, and the parallel byte-wise M/E and H/Q flag bit streams. In the transmitter, the Data Randomizer performs an XOR operation on data bytes and randomizing bytes and produces randomized bytes (see A/53D Annex D [2]). In the receiver, the randomized data is subject to XOR with the same randomizing bytes, thus reversing the process. There is a corresponding Data Randomizer Compensation block in the receiver for attribute generation. This block receives 188 byte-wise attribute bits, discards the first byte attribute bit corresponding to the MPEG sync byte, and generates RBEQ flags for the remaining 187 byte- wise attribute bits. Therefore, there are three flags for the attributes of a byte after the Data Randomizer Compensation block, the M/E Byte flag, the H/Q Byte flag, and the RBEQ flag. The RBEQ flag has two bits per byte. RBEQ flags are meaningful only for 1/4-rate enhanced bytes. A byte is divided into four 2-bit symbols in the following Byte-to-Symbol Converter. In the case of 1/4-rate enhanced symbols, the second symbol in the byte carries the same information as the first symbol, and the fourth symbol carries the same information as the third symbol. Since two originally identical bits can have different polarities after randomizing, the receiver needs to identify the correct polarity when decoding. Figure 5.22 shows the generation of the RBEQ flags. RBEQ flag1 indicates whether q1 of the randomized byte is the same as q1’ or not and RBEQ flag0 similarly indicates the relative polarity of q0 and q0’. Data Byte (1/4 enhanced data) b1 x b1 x b0 x b0 x Sym3 Sym2 Sym1 Sym0 XOR q1 x q1 ’ x q0 x q0 ’ x Randomized Result =? =? r7 r6 r5 r4 r3 r2 r1 r0 Randomizing Byte RBEQ Flag 1 RBEQ Flag 0 Figure 5.22 Randomization and RBEQ flags. There is one more flag required at the byte level for decoding, to compensate for the main RS encoder of the transmitter. Since the RS encoder receives 187 data bytes, adds 20 bytes for RS parity, and constructs 207 data bytes, the Flip Flag Generator also receives 187 byte-wise attribute flags and constructs 207 byte-wise attribute flags. The Flip Flag completes the complement of four flags at the byte level. The first 187 Flip Flags are all zero. The remaining 20 Flip Flags are all zero for main packets and all ones for enhanced packets. 46 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 The Data Interleaver receives the four byte flags in parallel and performs convolutional interleaving with parameters (B = 52, M = 4). (Note that the RBEQ flag stream has two bits per data byte.) The Byte-to-Symbol Converter divides attributes for a byte into attributes for a symbol and performs 12-phase (“12-way”) symbol interleaving. The outputs of the byte-to- symbol converter are E-VSB symbol flags, which consist of one M/E flag, one H/Q flag, one RBEQ flag, and one Flip Flag per symbol. 5.5.5 E-VSB Channel Decoder Figure 5.23 shows the block diagram of an E-VSB system channel decoder. The decoder illustrated here does not include hardware for combining the main and enhanced streams into a single MPEG transport stream, which may not be needed in an integrated receiver/decoder, although the E-VSB signal is constructed to make this possible where a single MPEG transport stream output is desired. E8-VSB Symbol Attribute Main Equalized Viterbi Decoder/ Data RS Data MPEG Symbols 12-way Deinterleaver Deinterleaver Decoder Derandomizer Packets Main/Enhanced Packet Attribute 164-to-188 Main MPEG Enhanced Enhanced Enhanced Enhanced ½ Null Bit Packet Packet Header Data RS Packet MPEG Packets Remover Converter Remover Remover Deinterleaver Decoder Demux 164-to-188 Enhanced ¼ Enhanced Packet MPEG Packets Byte Attribute Converter Enhanced Packet Attribute Figure 5.23 Block diagram of E-VSB channel decoder. The channel decoder for the E-VSB signal receives symbols from the channel equalizer and E-VSB data attributes from E-VSB data attribute generator, performs decoding, and de- multiplexes main packets, enhanced 1/2-rate packets and enhanced 1/4-rate packets. Decoder design can differ somewhat from the block diagram of Figure 5.23. In some designs there may be two separate Viterbi decoders and their corresponding paths, one path for main packets and another for enhanced packets. Sections 5.5.5.1 through 5.5.5.11 describe each functional block based on the block diagram shown in Figure 5.23. 5.5.5.1 Viterbi Decoder/12-Way Symbol De-Interleaver The Viterbi Decoder (or trellis decoder) block of the E-VSB channel decoder in Figure 5.23 performs Viterbi decoding on the equalized symbols according to the E-VSB data symbol attributes. It decodes both the main trellis code and the E-VSB convolutional code considering that they are effectively directly concatenated with each other. Figure 5.24a shows the trellis coder at the transmitter concatenated with the E-VSB symbol processor, and Figure 5.24b and Figure 5.24c represent the effective code of Figure 5.24a in case of a main symbol and an enhanced symbol, respectively. As shown in Figure 5.24b, the E-VSB symbol processor is bypassed in the case of a main symbol, and two bits of X2X1 are trellis encoded to output Z2Z1Z0. In the case of an enhanced symbol, the X2 bit bypasses the pre-coder and is convolutionally encoded to produce Z2Z1Z0 as shown in Figure 5.24c. The enhanced symbol has an effective code rate of 1/3. 47 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 E8-VSB Symbol Processor Trellis Encoder N/E Pre-coder Bypass for D Interference Filter Enhanced Data E Pre-coder X2 M Z2 X2' U N X 2-bit nibbles X1 D D N/E N/E N/E E E E M D M D M X1' Z1 N U N U N U X X X Z0 D D Figure 5.24a Concatenation of E-VSB symbol processor and trellis encoder. E8-VSB Symbol Processor Trellis Encoder X2 X2 ' Z2 D X1 X1 ' Z1 M1 M0 Z0 D D Figure 5.24b Effective code in case of main symbol. E8-VSB Symbol Processor Trellis Encoder X2 X2 ' Z2 M3 M2 X1 ' Z1 D D M1 M0 Z0 D D Figure 5.24c Effective code in case of enhanced symbol. Figure 5.25 shows a trellis state transition diagram of enhanced and main symbols and the encoder memory states M3M2M1M0, which construct 16 trellis states. Since M3 and M2 are held during the main symbol interval, the state transition diagram of the main symbol repeats its 48 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 pattern four times. The trellis transition of the main symbol includes parallel transitions by the X2 bit, but those transitions are not illustrated explicitly. The Viterbi decoder performs decoding of main and enhanced symbols by using the corresponding trellis state transition according to an M/E flag identifying the main or enhanced symbol. For 1/4-rate enhanced FEC mode, the byte expander (or null bit inserter) of an E-VSB transmitter expands one input byte to four bytes by repeating each bit of the 1/4-rate byte and inserting null bits. However, the repeated bits of 1/4-rate byte may not be identical to each other after data randomizing and thus, the Viterbi decoder of the E-VSB receiver must know whether they are the same or different so that additional coding gain from the bit repetition is available. The E-VSB data attribute generator provides RBEQ symbol attribute flags, to indicate if the repeated bits have different polarity. The attribute generator also supplies a H/Q flag identifying 1/2-rate or 1/4-rate enhanced symbols. For 1/4-rate enhanced symbol decoding, the Viterbi decoder performs decoding every two symbols. Figure 5.26a and Figure 5.26b explain decoding of 1/4-rate enhanced symbol when RBEQ = 1 and RBEQ = 0, respectively. If the H/Q flag indicates a 1/4-rate enhanced symbol, the Viterbi decoder collects two 1/4-rate enhanced symbols and performs decoding according to the RBEQ flag by only considering two paths out of four paths during two 1/4-rate enhanced symbol periods as shown in Figure 5.26a and Figure 5.26b. Figure 5.26a illustrates decoding when RBEQ = 1. An example is shown by the bold lines. For state M3M2M1M0 = 0000, there are four possible paths merging into the state during two symbol periods. But since the repeated bits of 1/4-rate enhanced data are equal after de-randomizing, the decoder can exclude the paths where consecutive X2 bits are different from each other. Similarly, when RBEQ = 0, the decoder can exclude the paths where consecutive X2 bits are the same, as shown in Figure 5.26b. By this operation, enhanced 1/4-rate mode has a coding gain over enhanced 1/2-rate mode. In Figure 5.26a and Figure 5.26b, the bold lines are the paths to be considered by the Viterbi decoder for decoding a 1/4-rate enhanced symbol. 49 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 Enhanced symbol Main symbol M3M2M1M0 Solid : X2 = 0, dashed : X2 = 1 Solid : X1 = 0, dashed : X1 = 1 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 Figure 5.25 Trellis state transition diagram of main and enhanced symbol. 50 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 1/4 Enhanced symbol 1/4 Enhanced symbol M3M2M1M0 Solid : X2 = 0, dashed : X2 = 1 Solid : X2 = 0, dashed : X2 = 1 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 Figure 5.26a 1/4-rate enhanced symbol decoding when the repeated bits remain equal after data randomizing (RBEQ = 1). 51 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 1/4 Enhanced symbol 1/4 Enhanced symbol M3M2M1M0 Solid : X2 = 0, dashed : X2 = 1 Solid : X2 = 0, dashed : X2 = 1 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 Figure 5.26b 1/4-rate enhanced symbol decoding when the repeated bits differ after data randomizing (RBEQ = 0). The E-VSB symbol processor at the transmitter replaces the null bits inserted as placeholders with parity bits produced by the convolutional encoder. To ensure backward compatibility, the transmitter re-calculates the twenty (207,187) RS parity bytes of an enhanced data packet, which have been modified by the E-VSB symbol processor. This introduces a disparity between the X2’ bit of the E-VSB symbol processor output and the upper input of the trellis encoder to be pre-coded, and can invert the Z2 bit of an enhanced symbol following the re-calculated RS 52 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 parity. Therefore the receiver should estimate the polarity inversion of the Z2 bit. The Viterbi decoder of the E-VSB receiver resolves this ambiguity by implementing two decoders. One decoder decodes enhanced symbols assuming that the Z2 bit is not inverted (positive decoder), and the other one decodes enhanced symbols assuming that the Z2 bit is inverted (negative decoder). The timing information of the re-calculated RS parity symbol of enhanced packets is indicated by the Flip Flag provided by the E-VSB data attribute generator. Using this Flip Flag as a timing signal, the Viterbi decoder makes a decision on polarity inversion by comparing the minimum path metrics of the two decoders and choosing the minimum of the two. This decision can be made on a symbol-by-symbol basis or on a block-wise basis with blocks of arbitrary size. The E-VSB Viterbi decoders for both main and enhanced symbols perform branch metric calculations, ACS (Accumulate/Compare/Select) and register-exchange (or trace-back) operations using the Viterbi algorithm, with the assistance of the attribute flags M/E, H/Q, RBEQ, and Flip. However, if a decoder traces back both main and enhanced symbols in a path history unit, then the effective decoding depth of the enhanced symbols may be short due to interruption by main symbols, and this induces some performance degradation, more so for low mix ratios of enhanced data. To minimize the performance loss in decoding the enhanced symbols due to main symbol interruption, it is desirable to trace back only enhanced symbols so that the effective decoding depth of enhanced symbols is fixed. Since only enhanced survivor symbols are stored in this case, they cannot be retrieved in the correct order, since no main symbols or placeholders are stored in the memory. The main symbols at the input to the enhanced symbol Viterbi decoder will not appear at the output. Thus, the order of the enhanced symbols at the output must be restored and they then must be interspersed correctly with main symbols before 12-way symbol de-interleaving and further processing. This can be accomplished in a re-ordering unit as described below. The aforementioned Viterbi decoder, which traces back only enhanced symbols, performs branch metric calculations and ACS/register exchange operations for both main and enhanced symbols. However, it saves only the enhanced symbol survivors in the path history unit. Main symbol survivors are not saved in the path history unit. Since this separate decoder for only enhanced symbols outputs only enhanced symbol decisions, a separate Viterbi decoder or a separate path history unit for normal symbols (or normal symbols and enhanced symbols combined together) is needed to decode main symbols. Figure 5.27 is a conceptual block diagram of the Viterbi decoder that decodes only enhanced symbols. The branch metric calculator receives an equalized E-VSB symbol and calculates 8 branch metrics of the input symbol corresponding to 8 levels. The positive decoder’s ACS unit performs ACS operations according to the E-VSB symbol attributes and assuming that polarity inversion did not occur during an enhanced symbol period. The negative decoder’s ACS unit operates assuming the contrary. The polarity inversion estimator compares the two decoders’ minimum metrics and outputs a polarity signal by selecting the lesser of the two. The lesser of the two metrics is used to normalize both decoders’ path metrics. Each decoder’s path history unit keeps track of the path history of only enhanced symbols by saving only enhanced symbol survivors. Based on the estimated polarity, the Viterbi decoder selects either the positive or the negative decoder’s path history output. 53 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 E q ualzed E -V S B sym bol i B ranch M etri c C al ator cul branch m etri c p ath M /E , H /Q , P o si ve D eco der’s ti m etric N egati D ecod er’s ve M /E , H /Q , FLI , R B E Q P ACS ACS FLI , R B E Q P m i m um ni m i m um ni m etri c m etri c P ol ty ari each state’s survi vor, Inversi n o each state’s survi vor, state havi m i m um ng ni E sti ato r m state havi m i m um ng ni m etri c m etri c p ol ty ari p ath history M /E , H /Q , P o si ve D eco der’s ti N egati D ecod er’s ve M /E , H /Q , F LI , R B E Q P P ath H i story P ath H i story FLI , R B E Q P (S ave onl E nhanced y (S ave onl E nhanced y ’s S ym b ol survi vor) ’s sym bol survi vor) d eci on si d eci on si S el D eci on ect si X2 M /E , O utp ut Treli p hase ls R e-orderi ng R e-ord ered o utp ut Figure 5.27 Architecture of E-VSB Viterbi decoder. 5.5.5.1.1 Dealing with main symbol interruption To minimize a performance loss of enhanced symbols due to main symbol interruption, it is desirable to decode only enhanced symbols. However, if branch metric calculation, ACS operation and trace-back operation are performed only for enhanced symbols, there is an exponential increase in the number of paths vs. the number of interrupting main symbols. Therefore, the enhanced symbol decoder performs branch metric calculation and ACS operation for both main and enhanced symbols, but traces back only enhanced symbols. Figure 5.28 is a simplified illustration of the interruption of state transitions of enhanced symbols due to main symbols. Main symbol interruptions actually occur in multiples of four symbols, but an interruption of only two symbols is shown for clarity. The bold lines show possible paths merging into the state ‘0000’ at the first enhanced symbol after main symbol interruption. As shown in the figure, there are 8 possible states at the last enhanced symbol 54 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 before interruption connected to each state at the first enhanced symbol after interruption. Each additional interrupting main symbol expands the possible states by a factor of 2. For this reason, it is impractical to save all these possible paths for a final ACS operation on an enhanced symbol, and therefore ACS is performed on all symbols, both enhanced and main. The path history unit does not have to save branch (or state) selection information during the main symbol intervals. However, during main symbol intervals, the path history unit must exchange path survivors among states according to the result of the ACS operation, even though it does not save new survivors. Enhanced symbol Main symbol Main symbol Enhanced symbol M3M2M1M0 Solid : X2 = 0, dashed : X2 = 1 Solid : X1 = 0, dashed : X1 = 1 Solid : X1 = 0, dashed : X1 = 1 Solid : X2 = 0, dashed : X2 = 1 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 Figure 5.28 Main symbol interruption. 5.5.5.1.2 Output Reordering The output re-ordering unit in Figure 5.27 re-orders the selected output and does 12-way symbol de-interleaving simultaneously. Figure 5.29 shows an example implementation of the re-ordering block. There are twelve FIFOs corresponding to the twelve trellis phases. The input mux steps continually through the 12 trellis phases in sequence, according to the input trellis phase signal. As an enhanced symbol decision arrives, it is flagged by the arrival of a M/E flag =1 (enhanced symbol), and it is written through the DEMUX to the FIFO indicated by the input-side trellis phase signal. If the M/E flag indicates a main symbol, no write to the FIFO occurs. At the output, the trellis phase signal steps continually from FIFO to FIFO in order. MUX1 reads from one FIFO according to the output-side trellis phase signal only when M/E flag = 1 (enhanced symbol). If the M/E flag indicates main data, no read operation occurs. MUX2 selects 55 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 the MUX1 output when the M/E flag = 1 and a dummy symbol or main symbol decision otherwise. Figure 5.29 Output re-ordering of Viterbi decoder decoding only enhanced symbol. Since the pre-coder is bypassed for enhanced symbols by E-VSB symbol processing at the transmitter, it is desirable not to use a comb filter to deal with co-channel interference in the E- VSB receiver. Notch filtering techniques or other methods to reject NTSC interference can be employed. For enhanced equalization using more reliable symbol decision feedback from the Viterbi decoder, it is required that the Viterbi decoder saves Z2Z1Z0 as each state’s survivor and traces back both main and enhanced symbols in the path history unit. 5.5.5.2 Data De-Interleaver The convolutional de-interleaver (which works on main data as well as enhanced data) performs the exact inverse function of the transmitter convolutional interleaver. Its 1/6 data field depth, and inter-segment “dispersion” properties allow noise bursts lasting as long as about 193 microseconds to be corrected by subsequent Reed-Solomon error-correction circuitry of the type that locates byte errors as well as correcting them. Even strong NTSC co-channel signals passing through the NTSC rejection filter, and creating short bursts in response to NTSC vertical edges, are reliably suppressed by this de-interleaving and RS error-correction process. The de- interleaver uses Data Field Sync for synchronizing to the first data byte of the data field. The functional concept of the convolutional de-interleaver is shown in Figure 5.30. 56 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 Figure 5.30 Conceptual diagram of convolutional de-interleaver. In actual practice the convolutional de-interleaver is usually constructed in dual-port random access memory (RAM). 5.5.5.3 Reed-Solomon Decoder The convolutional de-interleaved byte data (main and enhanced) is sent to the (main) (207, 187) RS decoder. However, in the E-VSB receiver, the main RS decoder decodes only main data packets. The main packets have the same white noise and burst error protection as in normal 8- VSB. Enhanced packets are identified by the M/E packet attribute flag. Since the 20 parity bytes of the (207,187) RS are not protected by the enhanced FEC mode, the main RS decoder simply deletes the 20 parity bytes from enhanced packets and passes the 187 data bytes to the enhanced decoding circuitry. 5.5.5.4 Data De-Randomizer The data is randomized at the transmitter (both main and enhanced packets) by XOR with a Pseudo Random Sequence (PRS). The de-randomizer in the receiver accepts the error-corrected data bytes from the RS decoder, and applies the same PRS randomizing code to the data, thus reversing the process. The PRS code can be generated the same way as in the transmitter, using the same PRS generator feedback and output taps. Since the PRS is locked to the reliably recovered Data Field Sync (and not to some code word embedded within the potentially noisy data), it is exactly synchronized with the data, and performs reliably. The de-randomized data are all output as main MPEG packets and also are sent to the main packet remover. In addition, at the output of the de-randomizer, the 4-byte headers of the enhanced packets are replaced with locally generated MPEG null packet headers to prevent confusion in downstream equipment due to possible errors in the enhanced packet headers. The M/E Packet flag controls this replacement. 5.5.5.5 Main Packet Remover The main packet remover discards main packets and passes enhanced packets to the MPEG header remover, using the M/E packet flag. 57 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 5.5.5.6 MPEG Header Remover Four bytes of MPEG header including the 0x47 sync byte are removed at this block. (The MPEG header bytes are added in front of the 184-byte enhanced packet at the transmitter E-VSB pre- processor to ensure backward-compatibility.) 5.5.5.7 Null Bit Remover The null bits and repeated bits of the de-interleaved enhanced data bytes are removed, based on the byte attribute flags. This block performs the exact inverse of the byte expander of the E8- VSB pre-processor in the transmitter. 5.5.5.8 Enhanced Data De-Interleaver The enhanced data de-interleaver performs the inverse operation of the enhanced data interleaver of the transmitter with parameters B = 46, M = 4, and N (= B x M) = 184. Its operation and conceptual diagram are similar to that of the main data de-interleaver shown in Figure 5.30. The enhanced data interleaver and de-interleaver provide additional protection against burst noise or errors produced by channel impairments. The synchronization of the enhanced data de- interleaver is the same as that of the main data de-interleaver. The commutating switches should be at their topmost positions (connected to the longest delay path) at the beginning of the first received data field. The total number of paths (rows of delay elements) = B = 46. 5.5.5.9 Enhanced Reed-Solomon Decoder The enhanced RS decoder decodes the (184,164) RS code, providing 10 bytes per packet error correction capability. The primitive field generator polynomial and the parity generator polynomial are the same as those of the (207,187) main RS decoder. 5.5.5.10 Enhanced Packet De-Multiplexer The RS decoded packets are de-multiplexed to separate 1/2-rate enhanced packets and 1/4-rate enhanced packets under control of the H/Q packet flag provided by the E-VSB data attribute flag generator. 5.5.5.11 164-to-188 Packet Converter The 164-to-188 packet converter performs synchronization using the MPEG sync bytes carried in the enhanced data payload and combines the portions of 188-byte packets contained in the 164-byte enhanced packets into complete 188-byte MPEG transport packets. If required, this block can do buffering to minimize MPEG timing jitter. 5.5.6 Fallback Behavior and Seamless Switching The E-VSB transport enhancements provide close synchronization of the main and enhanced essence, so that fallback from main to enhanced streams can be accomplished with no loss of content. The purposed behavior is that the video or audio quality may be reduced in the fallback mode, but no transient noise or muting will occur. 5.5.6.1 Video The basic method of obtaining fallback is by operating a main video decoder and a fallback decoder in parallel, with switching between the outputs when required. Future transmission enhancements and/or receiver designs may provide means to use a single decoder. 5.5.6.2 Audio A primary application for Enhanced AC-3 in the E-VSB transport is to provide a fallback service in the event that reception of the main audio service fails. Section 5.4.2.2 gives an overview of fallback operation in receivers. This section describes additional receiver considerations for handling fallback audio. 58 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 The goal of fallback audio is to conceal errors in the main audio stream by transitioning to/from the fallback audio stream as transparently as possible. In general this means audio “pops” or mutes on the outputs of audio decoders should not occur. Depending on transmitted audio streams the transition may be noticeable, as may occur when the main audio signal is 5.1 channels and the fallback audio stream is stereo, but objectionable audio switching artifacts, such as abrupt changes in loudness, should be minimized. This behavior should be consistent whether the audio is decoded within the ATSC receiver or in an external device, including existing A/V receivers with AC-3 decoding only. In order to provide the consumer with as consistent an experience as possible, the fallback mode audio should be as compatible with the same variety of consumer product configurations as the main audio. 5.5.6.2.1 Internal Decoder Operation Fallback audio is designed to work with single audio decoder, whether internal or external. For ATSC receivers that support fallback audio, the internal audio decoder will be able to support both AC-3 and E-AC-3 decoding. The fallback audio transmission assures that there is a one-to- one correspondence between AC-3 frames in the main channel and E-AC-3 frames in the enhanced channel. If an AC-3 frame from the main channel is found to have an error, the E-AC- 3 frame with the same Presentation Time Stamp in the enhanced channel can be decoded instead. Either the transport demultiplexing process can monitor the AC-3 frames from the main channel for errors and insert E-AC-3 frames when necessary, so that the audio decoder receives a single audio stream, or both streams can be sent to the audio decoding process which will perform the error detection. Preferred behavior is for the audio decoder to be able to switch between AC-3 and E-AC-3 frames on a frame-by-frame basis, however in practice it may be preferable to switch less often, or remain with the fallback audio, if numerous errors in the main channel occur. The ATSC receiver may include built-in speakers however external audio playback systems may be supported through analog or digital interfaces. The internal decoder should ensure that the audio playback during fallback switching is consistent however the audio is reproduced. 5.5.6.2.2 External Decoder Operation ATSC receivers with fallback audio capability and support for external decoding via a digital output should produce consistent fallback operation whether the decoding is done internally or externally. Current A/V receivers rely on the IEC 60958 [6] (S/PDIF) digital interface with IEC 61937 [7] formatted data for input of coded audio streams, and this support is expected to continue for some time. Future A/V receivers and other decoding devices may support advanced digital interfaces, but for compatibility with existing products an IEC 60958 [6] interface is recommended. 5.5.6.2.2.1 Fallback Operation with IEC 60958 (S/PDIF) Interface Existing A/V receivers support AC-3 decoding only, and rely on a single AC-3 input bitstream (they cannot accept dual input streams). In addition E-AC-3 is not supported as an IEC 61937 [8] data type. Therefore the ATSC receiver must provide a means to get both the main and fallback audio to the A/V receiver via the IEC 60958 interface. To support this function E-AC-3 has been designed to be easily transcoded to AC-3. ATSC receivers with fallback audio capability should include this transcoding feature to support external decoding. Figure 5.31 shows one recommended fallback audio implementation when using the IEC 60958 [6] interface and an external decoder. Using this method the E-AC-3 fallback audio stream will be continuously converted to an AC-3 stream. For each AC-3 frame in the main audio channel there will be an equivalent “converted” AC-3 frame from the fallback audio channel. Under normal conditions the sequence of AC-3 frames from the main channel will be 59 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 formatted according to IEC 61937 [8] for transmission over the IEC 60958 interface. If an error is found in an AC-3 frame from the main audio channel, the equivalent AC-3 from the fallback channel can be inserted instead. In this way the ATSC receiver will provide a single continuous AC-3 stream to the external decoder. Similar the internal decoding case, the fallback control should allow the replacement of main AC-3 frames with converted AC-3 frames from the fallback channel on a frame-by-frame basis, even though it may be preferred to switch less often. Additional considerations apply to the IEC 60958 interface in order to provide seamless fallback operation. Some A/V receivers may be particularly sensitive to changes in frame spacing between IEC 61937 formatted AC-3 frames on the IEC 90958 interface. To avoid audio gaps, mutes, or other objectionable switching artifacts it is important that the IEC 61937 formatting process maintain the standard spacing between AC-3 frames (the AC-3 repetition rate as defined in IEC 61937), and it is recommended that the E-AC-3 conversion process produce AC-3 frames with a frame size (bit rate) that matches the size of the main channel audio frames. Care must be taken to ensure that the main AC-3 stream remains in synchronization with the converted fallback AC-3 stream, as indicated by the latency compensation function. The final IEC 61937 formatted output stream must also remain in proper synchronization with the video signal. Taking into account these considerations an alternative fallback audio implementation is shown in Figure 5.32. In this implementation, the fallback control decision occurs prior to the transcode function, similar to the case when performing internal decoding. The advantage of this implementation is that the latency compensation can be simplified and the conversion process can ensure a consistent output bitstream for the IEC 60958 interface. When presented with uncorrupted AC-3 frames from the main channel, the conversion process is not required to process the AC-3 frames; however, it may be desired to alter them for consistent decoding behavior. For example, it may be desired to fix the output bit rate of the conversion process at 640 kbps so that bit rate changes will not affect the external decoder. Figure 5.31 Main and fallback mode ATSC receiver with enhanced AC-3. 60 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 Figure 5.32 Main and fallback mode ATSC receiver with enhanced AC-3 - Alternative implementation. 5.5.6.2.2.2 Fallback Operation with Other Digital Interfaces Newer ATSC receivers may include other digital interfaces such as USB, HDMI, IEEE1394, and other networking interfaces. External audio decoders that have these interfaces may be capable of supporting E-AC-3 decoding and/or multiple input bitstreams. In these cases it may be possible to bypass the internal E-AC-3/AC-3 conversion or the fallback process. However this implies that the external decoder is capable of performing the fallback audio functions, which may not be possible in all cases. Therefore the fallback functionality shown in Figure 5.31 or Figure 5.32 should remain an option. 5.5.6.2.2.3 External Compatibility Using PCM or Analog Outputs It might seem that a less complex solution for maintaining compatibility with external devices in a fallback audio system would be to decode the Enhanced AC-3 audio to PCM and pass PCM over IEC 60958 [6] to the A/V receiver rather than perform the transcoding process. However, this solution has drawbacks that make it undesirable. First, the fallback audio (decoded E-AC-3) would be limited to 2 channels as IEC 60958 can carry a maximum of only two channels of PCM audio (total of 1.5 Mbps). Second, muting between main and fallback audio may be introduced as some A/V receivers generally mute for a short time when switching between audio and data formats. Third, there would be no way to manage the loudness of the fallback mode vs. main mode audio. The consumer may experience a noticeable change in levels when the fallback audio replaces the main audio. It might also seem possible to connect an ATSC receiver to an A/V receiver using both the digital connection for the main audio and the analog audio outputs for the fallback audio. However, this solution is impractical as many AV receivers are not designed to automatically switch to analog inputs when the digital connection becomes deactivated. Both these methods should be avoided in ATSC receiver designs. 5.5.6.2.3 Other Audio Fallback Considerations The primary goal of the fallback audio is to maintain a consistent decoded audio signal to the end user avoiding objectionable audio artifacts when switching between the main and fallback audio streams. While avoiding audio “pops” and mutes when switching is part of this, other objectionable switching artifacts can occur and should be avoided. 61 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines 18 April 2006 Other than pops and mutes, changes in program loudness are likely the most objectionable switching artifact. When decoding internally, ATSC receivers should maintain a consistent output program level between main and fallback audio. A burden is placed on broadcasters to ensure that signal levels, dialog level (dialnorm) settings, and other important signal parameters are consistent between the main and fallback audio signals. Given consistent bitstream settings, receivers should ensure the settings are followed and that the average program level is maintained when switching between main and fallback audio. When using external audio decoders, the E-AC-3/AC-3 conversion process should ensure that the converted AC-3 stream for the fallback audio maintains signal levels and parameter settings consistent with the main audio. Differences in audio coding modes (number of audio channels) between main and fallback audio may also cause objectionable artifacts. A common example would be when the main audio is 5.1 channels and the fallback audio is 2 channels (stereo). For mono or stereo playback the switching may be transparent or less noticeable, however when 5.1 channel surround playback is in use the mode switch may be obvious. Some current A/V receivers may not handle mode switches without muting so a bitstream change from 5.1 to 2 channels may be more objectionable than simply changing the number of channels. Therefore it is recommended that external decoders (or external playback systems) be provided with a consistent number of channels whenever possible. Note that changes in channel modes may affect program loudness levels as well. Even when avoiding objectionable artifacts, the switch between main and fallback audio may be noticeable, and may become objectionable if the switch occurs often. Receiver designers may include methods to minimize the switching. For example, inserting a single frame of fallback audio occasionally may be acceptable, however if a large number of errors are occurring in the main audio channel it may be preferable to switch fully to the fallback audio stream until the main channel error rate is reduced. Some receivers may operate in locations or environments where the main channel signal is consistently marginal and errors occur on a regular basis. Therefore it is recommended for receivers to include a manual fallback mode where the user may manually select the fallback audio via the user interface. Errors in the fallback audio signal are also possible. Current methods for minimizing or concealing audio errors in receivers should continue to be employed even when fallback operation is supported. 62 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 Annex A: E-VSB Bit Rate Tables 1. E-VSB TABULAR DATA The E-VSB bit rate tables sorted by map number and individual stream rates are given in Table A1 (see the following pages). 2. CALCULATION OF PAYLOAD BIT RATES FOR A GIVEN E-VSB MIX 2.1 8-VSB Nominal Average Bit Rate (no E-VSB data) The basic VSB payload rate is calculated as the number of MPEG2 transport packets transmitted per second. The VSB transmission system substitutes data segment sync in the emitted signal for the 0x47 MPEG sync byte, so this byte is effectively transmitted as part of the payload rate, although in a different coding. Each data segment carries 187 MPEG bytes plus the recoded sync byte, or equivalently one full MPEG packet of 188 MPEG bytes. The nominal average payload rate is then calculated as 188 bytes/ data segment, adjusted by a factor of (312/313) to account for the presence of data field sync segments, where the data segment rate is fseg = fsymb / 832 and fsymb = 4.5x106 / 286 x 684 So that the net payload for transmitting MPEG packets is Data rate (bps) = 8 x 188 x 4.5x106 / 286 x 684 /832 x 312 / 313 The exact rate can be stated as an integer plus a fraction (whereas the decimal equivalent continues forever). Factoring the numerator and denominator and canceling common factors gives a denominator of 11 x 13 x 313 = 44759. This gives an exact nominal average payload data rate of 19392658 + (20578 / 44759) bits per second. 2.2 Nominal Average Bit Rate with E-VSB Data Note that the ratio 312/313 is the ratio of data segments per data field to total segments per data field. This ratio is modified in the case of E-VSB, so that the Main rate for a given mixture is calculated using a factor of ((Main segments per field) / 313). For the 1/2 -rate data, the factors applied are: • ((No. of 1/2-rate segments per field) / 313) instead of (main segments per field / 313) • An additional factor of (164/188) to account for added RS encoding plus the inclusion of the MPEG header and sync bytes as part of the payload • An additional factor of (1/2) to account for the added trellis coding For the 1/4-rate data, the rate is calculated in the same way as the 1/2-rate data, except that the final factor of (1/2) is changed to (1/4). 2.3 Summary Results • Main exact nominal maximum average payload rate = 19392658 + (20578 / 44759) bits per second 63 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 • 1/2-rate exact nominal maximum average payload rate = 8458499 + (43259 / 44759) bits per second • 1/4-rate exact nominal maximum average payload rate = 4229249 + (44009 / 44759) bits per second Since the above already contain the factor 313 in the denominator, and are calculated for using all 312 data segments in a field, the average payload of each type of data for a mix other than maximum can be obtained by multiplying the summary maximum value given above by the number of segments of that data type used per field and dividing by 312. 3. E-VSB BIT RATE TABLES Table A1 Sorted by MAP Table Number 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value # Steps # Steps Segments Bitrate Segments 0 0 0 0.000000 0 0 0.000000 0 19.39265846 312 1 1 2 0.054221 0 0 0.000000 2 19.26834655 310 2 2 4 0.108442 0 0 0.000000 4 19.14403463 308 3 3 6 0.162663 0 0 0.000000 6 19.01972272 306 4 4 8 0.216885 0 0 0.000000 8 18.89541081 304 5 5 12 0.325327 0 0 0.000000 12 18.64678698 300 6 6 16 0.433769 0 0 0.000000 16 18.39816315 296 7 7 20 0.542212 0 0 0.000000 20 18.14953933 292 8 0 0 0.000000 1 4 0.054221 4 19.14403463 308 9 1 2 0.054221 1 4 0.054221 6 19.01972272 306 10 2 4 0.108442 1 4 0.054221 8 18.89541081 304 11 3 6 0.162663 1 4 0.054221 10 18.77109889 302 12 4 8 0.216885 1 4 0.054221 12 18.64678698 300 13 5 12 0.325327 1 4 0.054221 16 18.39816315 296 14 6 16 0.433769 1 4 0.054221 20 18.14953933 292 15 7 20 0.542212 1 4 0.054221 24 17.90091550 288 16 0 0 0.000000 2 8 0.108442 8 18.89541081 304 17 1 2 0.054221 2 8 0.108442 10 18.77109889 302 18 2 4 0.108442 2 8 0.108442 12 18.64678698 300 19 3 6 0.162663 2 8 0.108442 14 18.52247507 298 20 4 8 0.216885 2 8 0.108442 16 18.39816315 296 21 5 12 0.325327 2 8 0.108442 20 18.14953933 292 22 6 16 0.433769 2 8 0.108442 24 17.90091550 288 23 7 20 0.542212 2 8 0.108442 28 17.65229167 284 24 0 0 0.000000 3 12 0.162663 12 18.64678698 300 25 1 2 0.054221 3 12 0.162663 14 18.52247507 298 26 2 4 0.108442 3 12 0.162663 16 18.39816315 296 27 3 6 0.162663 3 12 0.162663 18 18.27385124 294 28 4 8 0.216885 3 12 0.162663 20 18.14953933 292 29 5 12 0.325327 3 12 0.162663 24 17.90091550 288 30 6 16 0.433769 3 12 0.162663 28 17.65229167 284 31 7 20 0.542212 3 12 0.162663 32 17.40366785 280 32 0 0 0.000000 4 16 0.216885 16 18.39816315 296 64 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value # Steps # Steps Segments Bitrate Segments 33 1 2 0.054221 4 16 0.216885 18 18.27385124 294 34 2 4 0.108442 4 16 0.216885 20 18.14953933 292 35 3 6 0.162663 4 16 0.216885 22 18.02522741 290 36 4 8 0.216885 4 16 0.216885 24 17.90091550 288 37 5 12 0.325327 4 16 0.216885 28 17.65229167 284 38 6 16 0.433769 4 16 0.216885 32 17.40366785 280 39 7 20 0.542212 4 16 0.216885 36 17.15504402 276 40 0 0 0.000000 5 20 0.271106 20 18.14953933 292 41 1 2 0.054221 5 20 0.271106 22 18.02522741 290 42 2 4 0.108442 5 20 0.271106 24 17.90091550 288 43 3 6 0.162663 5 20 0.271106 26 17.77660359 286 44 4 8 0.216885 5 20 0.271106 28 17.65229167 284 45 5 12 0.325327 5 20 0.271106 32 17.40366785 280 46 6 16 0.433769 5 20 0.271106 36 17.15504402 276 47 7 20 0.542212 5 20 0.271106 40 16.90642020 272 48 0 0 0.000000 6 24 0.325327 24 17.90091550 288 49 1 2 0.054221 6 24 0.325327 26 17.77660359 286 50 2 4 0.108442 6 24 0.325327 28 17.65229167 284 51 3 6 0.162663 6 24 0.325327 30 17.52797976 282 52 4 8 0.216885 6 24 0.325327 32 17.40366785 280 53 5 12 0.325327 6 24 0.325327 36 17.15504402 276 54 6 16 0.433769 6 24 0.325327 40 16.90642020 272 55 7 20 0.542212 6 24 0.325327 44 16.65779637 268 56 0 0 0.000000 7 28 0.379548 28 17.65229167 284 57 1 2 0.054221 7 28 0.379548 30 17.52797976 282 58 2 4 0.108442 7 28 0.379548 32 17.40366785 280 59 3 6 0.162663 7 28 0.379548 34 17.27935594 278 60 4 8 0.216885 7 28 0.379548 36 17.15504402 276 61 5 12 0.325327 7 28 0.379548 40 16.90642020 272 62 6 16 0.433769 7 28 0.379548 44 16.65779637 268 63 7 20 0.542212 7 28 0.379548 48 16.40917254 264 64 0 0 0.000000 8 32 0.433769 32 17.40366785 280 65 1 2 0.054221 8 32 0.433769 34 17.27935594 278 66 2 4 0.108442 8 32 0.433769 36 17.15504402 276 67 3 6 0.162663 8 32 0.433769 38 17.03073211 274 68 4 8 0.216885 8 32 0.433769 40 16.90642020 272 69 5 12 0.325327 8 32 0.433769 44 16.65779637 268 70 6 16 0.433769 8 32 0.433769 48 16.40917254 264 71 7 20 0.542212 8 32 0.433769 52 16.16054872 260 72 0 0 0.000000 9 36 0.487990 36 17.15504402 276 73 1 2 0.054221 9 36 0.487990 38 17.03073211 274 74 2 4 0.108442 9 36 0.487990 40 16.90642020 272 75 3 6 0.162663 9 36 0.487990 42 16.78210828 270 76 4 8 0.216885 9 36 0.487990 44 16.65779637 268 77 5 12 0.325327 9 36 0.487990 48 16.40917254 264 78 6 16 0.433769 9 36 0.487990 52 16.16054872 260 65 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value # Steps # Steps Segments Bitrate Segments 79 7 20 0.542212 9 36 0.487990 56 15.91192489 256 80 0 0 0.000000 10 40 0.542212 40 16.90642020 272 81 1 2 0.054221 10 40 0.542212 42 16.78210828 270 82 2 4 0.108442 10 40 0.542212 44 16.65779637 268 83 3 6 0.162663 10 40 0.542212 46 16.53348446 266 84 4 8 0.216885 10 40 0.542212 48 16.40917254 264 85 5 12 0.325327 10 40 0.542212 52 16.16054872 260 86 6 16 0.433769 10 40 0.542212 56 15.91192489 256 87 7 20 0.542212 10 40 0.542212 60 15.66330106 252 88 0 0 0.000000 11 44 0.596433 44 16.65779637 268 89 1 2 0.054221 11 44 0.596433 46 16.53348446 266 90 2 4 0.108442 11 44 0.596433 48 16.40917254 264 91 3 6 0.162663 11 44 0.596433 50 16.28486063 262 92 4 8 0.216885 11 44 0.596433 52 16.16054872 260 93 5 12 0.325327 11 44 0.596433 56 15.91192489 256 94 6 16 0.433769 11 44 0.596433 60 15.66330106 252 95 7 20 0.542212 11 44 0.596433 64 15.41467724 248 96 0 0 0.000000 12 52 0.704875 52 16.16054872 260 97 1 2 0.054221 12 52 0.704875 54 16.03623680 258 98 2 4 0.108442 12 52 0.704875 56 15.91192489 256 99 3 6 0.162663 12 52 0.704875 58 15.78761298 254 100 4 8 0.216885 12 52 0.704875 60 15.66330106 252 101 5 12 0.325327 12 52 0.704875 64 15.41467724 248 102 6 16 0.433769 12 52 0.704875 68 15.16605341 244 103 7 20 0.542212 12 52 0.704875 72 14.91742958 240 104 0 0 0.000000 13 60 0.813317 60 15.66330106 252 105 1 2 0.054221 13 60 0.813317 62 15.53898915 250 106 2 4 0.108442 13 60 0.813317 64 15.41467724 248 107 3 6 0.162663 13 60 0.813317 66 15.29036532 246 108 4 8 0.216885 13 60 0.813317 68 15.16605341 244 109 5 12 0.325327 13 60 0.813317 72 14.91742958 240 110 6 16 0.433769 13 60 0.813317 76 14.66880576 236 111 7 20 0.542212 13 60 0.813317 80 14.42018193 232 112 0 0 0.000000 14 68 0.921760 68 15.16605341 244 113 1 2 0.054221 14 68 0.921760 70 15.04174150 242 114 2 4 0.108442 14 68 0.921760 72 14.91742958 240 115 3 6 0.162663 14 68 0.921760 74 14.79311767 238 116 4 8 0.216885 14 68 0.921760 76 14.66880576 236 117 5 12 0.325327 14 68 0.921760 80 14.42018193 232 118 6 16 0.433769 14 68 0.921760 84 14.17155811 228 119 7 20 0.542212 14 68 0.921760 88 13.92293428 224 120 0 0 0.000000 15 76 1.030202 76 14.66880576 236 121 1 2 0.054221 15 76 1.030202 78 14.54449384 234 122 2 4 0.108442 15 76 1.030202 80 14.42018193 232 123 3 6 0.162663 15 76 1.030202 82 14.29587002 230 124 4 8 0.216885 15 76 1.030202 84 14.17155811 228 66 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value # Steps # Steps Segments Bitrate Segments 125 5 12 0.325327 15 76 1.030202 88 13.92293428 224 126 6 16 0.433769 15 76 1.030202 92 13.67431045 220 127 7 20 0.542212 15 76 1.030202 96 13.42568663 216 128 8 24 0.650654 0 0 0.000000 24 17.90091550 288 129 9 28 0.759096 0 0 0.000000 28 17.65229167 284 130 10 32 0.867538 0 0 0.000000 32 17.40366785 280 131 11 40 1.084423 0 0 0.000000 40 16.90642020 272 132 12 48 1.301308 0 0 0.000000 48 16.40917254 264 133 13 56 1.518192 0 0 0.000000 56 15.91192489 256 134 14 64 1.735077 0 0 0.000000 64 15.41467724 248 135 15 72 1.951962 0 0 0.000000 72 14.91742958 240 136 8 24 0.650654 1 4 0.054221 28 17.65229167 284 137 9 28 0.759096 1 4 0.054221 32 17.40366785 280 138 10 32 0.867538 1 4 0.054221 36 17.15504402 276 139 11 40 1.084423 1 4 0.054221 44 16.65779637 268 140 12 48 1.301308 1 4 0.054221 52 16.16054872 260 141 13 56 1.518192 1 4 0.054221 60 15.66330106 252 142 14 64 1.735077 1 4 0.054221 68 15.16605341 244 143 15 72 1.951962 1 4 0.054221 76 14.66880576 236 144 8 24 0.650654 2 8 0.108442 32 17.40366785 280 145 9 28 0.759096 2 8 0.108442 36 17.15504402 276 146 10 32 0.867538 2 8 0.108442 40 16.90642020 272 147 11 40 1.084423 2 8 0.108442 48 16.40917254 264 148 12 48 1.301308 2 8 0.108442 56 15.91192489 256 149 13 56 1.518192 2 8 0.108442 64 15.41467724 248 150 14 64 1.735077 2 8 0.108442 72 14.91742958 240 151 15 72 1.951962 2 8 0.108442 80 14.42018193 232 152 8 24 0.650654 3 12 0.162663 36 17.15504402 276 153 9 28 0.759096 3 12 0.162663 40 16.90642020 272 154 10 32 0.867538 3 12 0.162663 44 16.65779637 268 155 11 40 1.084423 3 12 0.162663 52 16.16054872 260 156 12 48 1.301308 3 12 0.162663 60 15.66330106 252 157 13 56 1.518192 3 12 0.162663 68 15.16605341 244 158 14 64 1.735077 3 12 0.162663 76 14.66880576 236 159 15 72 1.951962 3 12 0.162663 84 14.17155811 228 160 8 24 0.650654 4 16 0.216885 40 16.90642020 272 161 9 28 0.759096 4 16 0.216885 44 16.65779637 268 162 10 32 0.867538 4 16 0.216885 48 16.40917254 264 163 11 40 1.084423 4 16 0.216885 56 15.91192489 256 164 12 48 1.301308 4 16 0.216885 64 15.41467724 248 165 13 56 1.518192 4 16 0.216885 72 14.91742958 240 166 14 64 1.735077 4 16 0.216885 80 14.42018193 232 167 15 72 1.951962 4 16 0.216885 88 13.92293428 224 168 8 24 0.650654 5 20 0.271106 44 16.65779637 268 169 9 28 0.759096 5 20 0.271106 48 16.40917254 264 170 10 32 0.867538 5 20 0.271106 52 16.16054872 260 67 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value # Steps # Steps Segments Bitrate Segments 171 11 40 1.084423 5 20 0.271106 60 15.66330106 252 172 12 48 1.301308 5 20 0.271106 68 15.16605341 244 173 13 56 1.518192 5 20 0.271106 76 14.66880576 236 174 14 64 1.735077 5 20 0.271106 84 14.17155811 228 175 15 72 1.951962 5 20 0.271106 92 13.67431045 220 176 8 24 0.650654 6 24 0.325327 48 16.40917254 264 177 9 28 0.759096 6 24 0.325327 52 16.16054872 260 178 10 32 0.867538 6 24 0.325327 56 15.91192489 256 179 11 40 1.084423 6 24 0.325327 64 15.41467724 248 180 12 48 1.301308 6 24 0.325327 72 14.91742958 240 181 13 56 1.518192 6 24 0.325327 80 14.42018193 232 182 14 64 1.735077 6 24 0.325327 88 13.92293428 224 183 15 72 1.951962 6 24 0.325327 96 13.42568663 216 184 8 24 0.650654 7 28 0.379548 52 16.16054872 260 185 9 28 0.759096 7 28 0.379548 56 15.91192489 256 186 10 32 0.867538 7 28 0.379548 60 15.66330106 252 187 11 40 1.084423 7 28 0.379548 68 15.16605341 244 188 12 48 1.301308 7 28 0.379548 76 14.66880576 236 189 13 56 1.518192 7 28 0.379548 84 14.17155811 228 190 14 64 1.735077 7 28 0.379548 92 13.67431045 220 191 15 72 1.951962 7 28 0.379548 100 13.17706280 212 192 8 24 0.650654 8 32 0.433769 56 15.91192489 256 193 9 28 0.759096 8 32 0.433769 60 15.66330106 252 194 10 32 0.867538 8 32 0.433769 64 15.41467724 248 195 11 40 1.084423 8 32 0.433769 72 14.91742958 240 196 12 48 1.301308 8 32 0.433769 80 14.42018193 232 197 13 56 1.518192 8 32 0.433769 88 13.92293428 224 198 14 64 1.735077 8 32 0.433769 96 13.42568663 216 199 15 72 1.951962 8 32 0.433769 104 12.92843897 208 200 8 24 0.650654 9 36 0.487990 60 15.66330106 252 201 9 28 0.759096 9 36 0.487990 64 15.41467724 248 202 10 32 0.867538 9 36 0.487990 68 15.16605341 244 203 11 40 1.084423 9 36 0.487990 76 14.66880576 236 204 12 48 1.301308 9 36 0.487990 84 14.17155811 228 205 13 56 1.518192 9 36 0.487990 92 13.67431045 220 206 14 64 1.735077 9 36 0.487990 100 13.17706280 212 207 15 72 1.951962 9 36 0.487990 108 12.67981515 204 208 8 24 0.650654 10 40 0.542212 64 15.41467724 248 209 9 28 0.759096 10 40 0.542212 68 15.16605341 244 210 10 32 0.867538 10 40 0.542212 72 14.91742958 240 211 11 40 1.084423 10 40 0.542212 80 14.42018193 232 212 12 48 1.301308 10 40 0.542212 88 13.92293428 224 213 13 56 1.518192 10 40 0.542212 96 13.42568663 216 214 14 64 1.735077 10 40 0.542212 104 12.92843897 208 215 15 72 1.951962 10 40 0.542212 112 12.43119132 200 216 8 24 0.650654 11 44 0.596433 68 15.16605341 244 68 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value # Steps # Steps Segments Bitrate Segments 217 9 28 0.759096 11 44 0.596433 72 14.91742958 240 218 10 32 0.867538 11 44 0.596433 76 14.66880576 236 219 11 40 1.084423 11 44 0.596433 84 14.17155811 228 220 12 48 1.301308 11 44 0.596433 92 13.67431045 220 221 13 56 1.518192 11 44 0.596433 100 13.17706280 212 222 14 64 1.735077 11 44 0.596433 108 12.67981515 204 223 15 72 1.951962 11 44 0.596433 116 12.18256749 196 224 8 24 0.650654 12 52 0.704875 76 14.66880576 236 225 9 28 0.759096 12 52 0.704875 80 14.42018193 232 226 10 32 0.867538 12 52 0.704875 84 14.17155811 228 227 11 40 1.084423 12 52 0.704875 92 13.67431045 220 228 12 48 1.301308 12 52 0.704875 100 13.17706280 212 229 13 56 1.518192 12 52 0.704875 108 12.67981515 204 230 14 64 1.735077 12 52 0.704875 116 12.18256749 196 231 15 72 1.951962 12 52 0.704875 124 11.68531984 188 232 8 24 0.650654 13 60 0.813317 84 14.17155811 228 233 9 28 0.759096 13 60 0.813317 88 13.92293428 224 234 10 32 0.867538 13 60 0.813317 92 13.67431045 220 235 11 40 1.084423 13 60 0.813317 100 13.17706280 212 236 12 48 1.301308 13 60 0.813317 108 12.67981515 204 237 13 56 1.518192 13 60 0.813317 116 12.18256749 196 238 14 64 1.735077 13 60 0.813317 124 11.68531984 188 239 15 72 1.951962 13 60 0.813317 132 11.18807219 180 240 8 24 0.650654 14 68 0.921760 92 13.67431045 220 241 9 28 0.759096 14 68 0.921760 96 13.42568663 216 242 10 32 0.867538 14 68 0.921760 100 13.17706280 212 243 11 40 1.084423 14 68 0.921760 108 12.67981515 204 244 12 48 1.301308 14 68 0.921760 116 12.18256749 196 245 13 56 1.518192 14 68 0.921760 124 11.68531984 188 246 14 64 1.735077 14 68 0.921760 132 11.18807219 180 247 15 72 1.951962 14 68 0.921760 140 10.69082454 172 248 8 24 0.650654 15 76 1.030202 100 13.17706280 212 249 9 28 0.759096 15 76 1.030202 104 12.92843897 208 250 10 32 0.867538 15 76 1.030202 108 12.67981515 204 251 11 40 1.084423 15 76 1.030202 116 12.18256749 196 252 12 48 1.301308 15 76 1.030202 124 11.68531984 188 253 13 56 1.518192 15 76 1.030202 132 11.18807219 180 254 14 64 1.735077 15 76 1.030202 140 10.69082454 172 255 15 72 1.951962 15 76 1.030202 148 10.19357688 164 256 0 0 0.000000 17 92 1.247087 92 13.67431045 220 257 1 2 0.054221 16 84 1.138644 86 14.04724619 226 258 2 4 0.108442 17 92 1.247087 96 13.42568663 216 259 3 6 0.162663 16 84 1.138644 90 13.79862237 222 260 4 8 0.216885 17 92 1.247087 100 13.17706280 212 261 5 12 0.325327 16 84 1.138644 96 13.42568663 216 262 6 16 0.433769 17 92 1.247087 108 12.67981515 204 69 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value # Steps # Steps Segments Bitrate Segments 263 7 20 0.542212 16 84 1.138644 104 12.92843897 208 264 8 24 0.650654 17 92 1.247087 116 12.18256749 196 265 9 28 0.759096 16 84 1.138644 112 12.43119132 200 266 10 32 0.867538 17 92 1.247087 124 11.68531984 188 267 11 40 1.084423 16 84 1.138644 124 11.68531984 188 268 12 48 1.301308 17 92 1.247087 140 10.69082454 172 269 13 56 1.518192 16 84 1.138644 140 10.69082454 172 270 14 64 1.735077 17 92 1.247087 156 9.69632923 156 271 15 72 1.951962 16 84 1.138644 156 9.69632923 156 272 0 0 0.000000 19 116 1.572413 116 12.18256749 196 273 1 2 0.054221 18 100 1.355529 102 13.05275089 210 274 2 4 0.108442 19 116 1.572413 120 11.93394367 192 275 3 6 0.162663 18 100 1.355529 106 12.80412706 206 276 4 8 0.216885 19 116 1.572413 124 11.68531984 188 277 5 12 0.325327 18 100 1.355529 112 12.43119132 200 278 6 16 0.433769 19 116 1.572413 132 11.18807219 180 279 7 20 0.542212 18 100 1.355529 120 11.93394367 192 280 8 24 0.650654 19 116 1.572413 140 10.69082454 172 281 9 28 0.759096 18 100 1.355529 128 11.43669601 184 282 10 32 0.867538 19 116 1.572413 148 10.19357688 164 283 11 40 1.084423 18 100 1.355529 140 10.69082454 172 284 12 48 1.301308 19 116 1.572413 164 9.19908158 148 285 13 56 1.518192 18 100 1.355529 156 9.69632923 156 286 14 64 1.735077 19 116 1.572413 180 8.20458627 132 287 15 72 1.951962 18 100 1.355529 172 8.70183392 140 288 0 0 0.000000 21 148 2.006183 148 10.19357688 164 289 1 2 0.054221 20 132 1.789298 134 11.06376028 178 290 2 4 0.108442 21 148 2.006183 152 9.94495306 160 291 3 6 0.162663 20 132 1.789298 138 10.81513645 174 292 4 8 0.216885 21 148 2.006183 156 9.69632923 156 293 5 12 0.325327 20 132 1.789298 144 10.44220071 168 294 6 16 0.433769 21 148 2.006183 164 9.19908158 148 295 7 20 0.542212 20 132 1.789298 152 9.94495306 160 296 8 24 0.650654 21 148 2.006183 172 8.70183392 140 297 9 28 0.759096 20 132 1.789298 160 9.44770540 152 298 10 32 0.867538 21 148 2.006183 180 8.20458627 132 299 11 40 1.084423 20 132 1.789298 172 8.70183392 140 300 12 48 1.301308 21 148 2.006183 196 7.21009097 116 301 13 56 1.518192 20 132 1.789298 188 7.70733862 124 302 14 64 1.735077 21 148 2.006183 212 6.21559566 100 303 15 72 1.951962 20 132 1.789298 204 6.71284331 108 304 0 0 0.000000 23 180 2.439952 180 8.20458627 132 305 1 2 0.054221 22 164 2.223067 166 9.07476966 146 306 2 4 0.108442 23 180 2.439952 184 7.95596245 128 307 3 6 0.162663 22 164 2.223067 170 8.82614584 142 308 4 8 0.216885 23 180 2.439952 188 7.70733862 124 70 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value # Steps # Steps Segments Bitrate Segments 309 5 12 0.325327 22 164 2.223067 176 8.45321010 136 310 6 16 0.433769 23 180 2.439952 196 7.21009097 116 311 7 20 0.542212 22 164 2.223067 184 7.95596245 128 312 8 24 0.650654 23 180 2.439952 204 6.71284331 108 313 9 28 0.759096 22 164 2.223067 192 7.45871479 120 314 10 32 0.867538 23 180 2.439952 212 6.21559566 100 315 11 40 1.084423 22 164 2.223067 204 6.71284331 108 316 12 48 1.301308 23 180 2.439952 228 5.22110035 84 317 13 56 1.518192 22 164 2.223067 220 5.71834801 92 318 14 64 1.735077 23 180 2.439952 244 4.22660505 68 319 15 72 1.951962 22 164 2.223067 236 4.72385270 76 320 17 88 2.385731 0 0 0.000000 88 13.92293428 224 321 16 80 2.168846 1 4 0.054221 84 14.17155811 228 322 17 88 2.385731 2 8 0.108442 96 13.42568663 216 323 16 80 2.168846 3 12 0.162663 92 13.67431045 220 324 17 88 2.385731 4 16 0.216885 104 12.92843897 208 325 16 80 2.168846 5 20 0.271106 100 13.17706280 212 326 17 88 2.385731 6 24 0.325327 112 12.43119132 200 327 16 80 2.168846 7 28 0.379548 108 12.67981515 204 328 17 88 2.385731 8 32 0.433769 120 11.93394367 192 329 16 80 2.168846 9 36 0.487990 116 12.18256749 196 330 17 88 2.385731 10 40 0.542212 128 11.43669601 184 331 16 80 2.168846 11 44 0.596433 124 11.68531984 188 332 17 88 2.385731 12 52 0.704875 140 10.69082454 172 333 16 80 2.168846 13 60 0.813317 140 10.69082454 172 334 17 88 2.385731 14 68 0.921760 156 9.69632923 156 335 16 80 2.168846 15 76 1.030202 156 9.69632923 156 336 19 112 3.036385 0 0 0.000000 112 12.43119132 200 337 18 96 2.602615 1 4 0.054221 100 13.17706280 212 338 19 112 3.036385 2 8 0.108442 120 11.93394367 192 339 18 96 2.602615 3 12 0.162663 108 12.67981515 204 340 19 112 3.036385 4 16 0.216885 128 11.43669601 184 341 18 96 2.602615 5 20 0.271106 116 12.18256749 196 342 19 112 3.036385 6 24 0.325327 136 10.93944836 176 343 18 96 2.602615 7 28 0.379548 124 11.68531984 188 344 19 112 3.036385 8 32 0.433769 144 10.44220071 168 345 18 96 2.602615 9 36 0.487990 132 11.18807219 180 346 19 112 3.036385 10 40 0.542212 152 9.94495306 160 347 18 96 2.602615 11 44 0.596433 140 10.69082454 172 348 19 112 3.036385 12 52 0.704875 164 9.19908158 148 349 18 96 2.602615 13 60 0.813317 156 9.69632923 156 350 19 112 3.036385 14 68 0.921760 180 8.20458627 132 351 18 96 2.602615 15 76 1.030202 172 8.70183392 140 352 21 144 3.903923 0 0 0.000000 144 10.44220071 168 353 20 128 3.470154 1 4 0.054221 132 11.18807219 180 354 21 144 3.903923 2 8 0.108442 152 9.94495306 160 71 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value # Steps # Steps Segments Bitrate Segments 355 20 128 3.470154 3 12 0.162663 140 10.69082454 172 356 21 144 3.903923 4 16 0.216885 160 9.44770540 152 357 20 128 3.470154 5 20 0.271106 148 10.19357688 164 358 21 144 3.903923 6 24 0.325327 168 8.95045775 144 359 20 128 3.470154 7 28 0.379548 156 9.69632923 156 360 21 144 3.903923 8 32 0.433769 176 8.45321010 136 361 20 128 3.470154 9 36 0.487990 164 9.19908158 148 362 21 144 3.903923 10 40 0.542212 184 7.95596245 128 363 20 128 3.470154 11 44 0.596433 172 8.70183392 140 364 21 144 3.903923 12 52 0.704875 196 7.21009097 116 365 20 128 3.470154 13 60 0.813317 188 7.70733862 124 366 21 144 3.903923 14 68 0.921760 212 6.21559566 100 367 20 128 3.470154 15 76 1.030202 204 6.71284331 108 368 23 176 4.771462 0 0 0.000000 176 8.45321010 136 369 22 160 4.337692 1 4 0.054221 164 9.19908158 148 370 23 176 4.771462 2 8 0.108442 184 7.95596245 128 371 22 160 4.337692 3 12 0.162663 172 8.70183392 140 372 23 176 4.771462 4 16 0.216885 192 7.45871479 120 373 22 160 4.337692 5 20 0.271106 180 8.20458627 132 374 23 176 4.771462 6 24 0.325327 200 6.96146714 112 375 22 160 4.337692 7 28 0.379548 188 7.70733862 124 376 23 176 4.771462 8 32 0.433769 208 6.46421949 104 377 22 160 4.337692 9 36 0.487990 196 7.21009097 116 378 23 176 4.771462 10 40 0.542212 216 5.96697183 96 379 22 160 4.337692 11 44 0.596433 204 6.71284331 108 380 23 176 4.771462 12 52 0.704875 228 5.22110035 84 381 22 160 4.337692 13 60 0.813317 220 5.71834801 92 382 23 176 4.771462 14 68 0.921760 244 4.22660505 68 383 22 160 4.337692 15 76 1.030202 236 4.72385270 76 384 0 0 0.000000 25 212 2.873721 212 6.21559566 100 385 1 2 0.054221 24 196 2.656837 198 7.08577905 114 386 2 4 0.108442 25 212 2.873721 216 5.96697183 96 387 3 6 0.162663 24 196 2.656837 202 6.83715523 110 388 4 8 0.216885 25 212 2.873721 220 5.71834801 92 389 5 12 0.325327 24 196 2.656837 208 6.46421949 104 390 6 16 0.433769 25 212 2.873721 228 5.22110035 84 391 7 20 0.542212 24 196 2.656837 216 5.96697183 96 392 8 24 0.650654 25 212 2.873721 236 4.72385270 76 393 9 28 0.759096 24 196 2.656837 224 5.46972418 88 394 10 32 0.867538 25 212 2.873721 244 4.22660505 68 395 11 40 1.084423 24 196 2.656837 236 4.72385270 76 396 12 48 1.301308 25 212 2.873721 260 3.23210974 52 397 13 56 1.518192 24 196 2.656837 252 3.72935740 60 398 14 64 1.735077 25 212 2.873721 276 2.23761444 36 399 15 72 1.951962 24 196 2.656837 268 2.73486209 44 400 0 0 0.000000 27 244 3.307490 244 4.22660505 68 72 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value # Steps # Steps Segments Bitrate Segments 401 1 2 0.054221 26 228 3.090606 230 5.09678844 82 402 2 4 0.108442 27 244 3.307490 248 3.97798122 64 403 3 6 0.162663 26 228 3.090606 234 4.84816461 78 404 4 8 0.216885 27 244 3.307490 252 3.72935740 60 405 5 12 0.325327 26 228 3.090606 240 4.47522888 72 406 6 16 0.433769 27 244 3.307490 260 3.23210974 52 407 7 20 0.542212 26 228 3.090606 248 3.97798122 64 408 8 24 0.650654 27 244 3.307490 268 2.73486209 44 409 9 28 0.759096 26 228 3.090606 256 3.48073357 56 410 10 32 0.867538 27 244 3.307490 276 2.23761444 36 411 11 40 1.084423 26 228 3.090606 268 2.73486209 44 412 12 48 1.301308 27 244 3.307490 292 1.24311913 20 413 13 56 1.518192 26 228 3.090606 284 1.74036678 28 414 14 64 1.735077 27 244 3.307490 308 0.24862383 4 415 15 72 1.951962 26 228 3.090606 300 0.74587148 12 416 25 208 5.639000 0 0 0.000000 208 6.46421949 104 417 24 192 5.205231 1 4 0.054221 196 7.21009097 116 418 25 208 5.639000 2 8 0.108442 216 5.96697183 96 419 24 192 5.205231 3 12 0.162663 204 6.71284331 108 420 25 208 5.639000 4 16 0.216885 224 5.46972418 88 421 24 192 5.205231 5 20 0.271106 212 6.21559566 100 422 25 208 5.639000 6 24 0.325327 232 4.97247653 80 423 24 192 5.205231 7 28 0.379548 220 5.71834801 92 424 25 208 5.639000 8 32 0.433769 240 4.47522888 72 425 24 192 5.205231 9 36 0.487990 228 5.22110035 84 426 25 208 5.639000 10 40 0.542212 248 3.97798122 64 427 24 192 5.205231 11 44 0.596433 236 4.72385270 76 428 25 208 5.639000 12 52 0.704875 260 3.23210974 52 429 24 192 5.205231 13 60 0.813317 252 3.72935740 60 430 25 208 5.639000 14 68 0.921760 276 2.23761444 36 431 24 192 5.205231 15 76 1.030202 268 2.73486209 44 432 27 240 6.506538 0 0 0.000000 240 4.47522888 72 433 26 224 6.072769 1 4 0.054221 228 5.22110035 84 434 27 240 6.506538 2 8 0.108442 248 3.97798122 64 435 26 224 6.072769 3 12 0.162663 236 4.72385270 76 436 27 240 6.506538 4 16 0.216885 256 3.48073357 56 437 26 224 6.072769 5 20 0.271106 244 4.22660505 68 438 27 240 6.506538 6 24 0.325327 264 2.98348592 48 439 26 224 6.072769 7 28 0.379548 252 3.72935740 60 440 27 240 6.506538 8 32 0.433769 272 2.48623826 40 441 26 224 6.072769 9 36 0.487990 260 3.23210974 52 442 27 240 6.506538 10 40 0.542212 280 1.98899061 32 443 26 224 6.072769 11 44 0.596433 268 2.73486209 44 444 27 240 6.506538 12 52 0.704875 292 1.24311913 20 445 26 224 6.072769 13 60 0.813317 284 1.74036678 28 446 27 240 6.506538 14 68 0.921760 308 0.24862383 4 73 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value # Steps # Steps Segments Bitrate Segments 447 26 224 6.072769 15 76 1.030202 300 0.74587148 12 448 0 0 0.000000 29 276 3.741260 276 2.23761444 36 449 1 2 0.054221 28 260 3.524375 262 3.10779783 50 450 3 6 0.162663 29 276 3.741260 282 1.86467870 30 451 4 8 0.216885 28 260 3.524375 268 2.73486209 44 452 6 16 0.433769 29 276 3.741260 292 1.24311913 20 453 7 20 0.542212 28 260 3.524375 280 1.98899061 32 454 9 28 0.759096 29 276 3.741260 304 0.49724765 8 455 10 32 0.867538 28 260 3.524375 292 1.24311913 20 456 12 48 1.301308 28 260 3.524375 308 0.24862383 4 457 0 0 0.000000 31 312 4.229250 312 0.00000000 0 458 2 4 0.108442 30 292 3.958144 296 0.99449531 16 459 5 12 0.325327 30 292 3.958144 304 0.49724765 8 460 16 80 2.168846 17 92 1.247087 172 8.70183392 140 461 17 88 2.385731 18 100 1.355529 188 7.70733862 124 462 16 80 2.168846 19 116 1.572413 196 7.21009097 116 463 17 88 2.385731 20 132 1.789298 220 5.71834801 92 464 16 80 2.168846 21 148 2.006183 228 5.22110035 84 465 17 88 2.385731 22 164 2.223067 252 3.72935740 60 466 16 80 2.168846 23 180 2.439952 260 3.23210974 52 467 17 88 2.385731 24 196 2.656837 284 1.74036678 28 468 16 80 2.168846 25 212 2.873721 292 1.24311913 20 469 16 80 2.168846 26 228 3.090606 308 0.24862383 4 470 18 96 2.602615 19 116 1.572413 212 6.21559566 100 471 19 112 3.036385 20 132 1.789298 244 4.22660505 68 472 18 96 2.602615 21 148 2.006183 244 4.22660505 68 473 19 112 3.036385 22 164 2.223067 276 2.23761444 36 474 18 96 2.602615 23 180 2.439952 276 2.23761444 36 475 19 112 3.036385 24 196 2.656837 308 0.24862383 4 476 18 96 2.602615 25 212 2.873721 308 0.24862383 4 477 20 128 3.470154 21 148 2.006183 276 2.23761444 36 478 21 144 3.903923 22 164 2.223067 308 0.24862383 4 479 20 128 3.470154 23 180 2.439952 308 0.24862383 4 480 29 272 7.374077 0 0 0.000000 272 2.48623826 40 481 28 256 6.940308 1 4 0.054221 260 3.23210974 52 482 29 272 7.374077 3 12 0.162663 284 1.74036678 28 483 28 256 6.940308 4 16 0.216885 272 2.48623826 40 484 29 272 7.374077 6 24 0.325327 296 0.99449531 16 485 28 256 6.940308 7 28 0.379548 284 1.74036678 28 486 29 272 7.374077 9 36 0.487990 308 0.24862383 4 487 28 256 6.940308 10 40 0.542212 296 0.99449531 16 488 28 256 6.940308 12 52 0.704875 308 0.24862383 4 489 31 312 8.458500 0 0 0.000000 312 0.00000000 0 490 30 288 7.807846 2 8 0.108442 296 0.99449531 16 491 30 288 7.807846 5 20 0.271106 308 0.24862383 4 492 17 88 2.385731 16 84 1.138644 172 8.70183392 140 74 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value # Steps # Steps Segments Bitrate Segments 493 18 96 2.602615 17 92 1.247087 188 7.70733862 124 494 19 112 3.036385 16 84 1.138644 196 7.21009097 116 495 20 128 3.470154 17 92 1.247087 220 5.71834801 92 496 21 144 3.903923 16 84 1.138644 228 5.22110035 84 497 22 160 4.337692 17 92 1.247087 252 3.72935740 60 498 23 176 4.771462 16 84 1.138644 260 3.23210974 52 499 24 192 5.205231 17 92 1.247087 284 1.74036678 28 500 25 208 5.639000 16 84 1.138644 292 1.24311913 20 501 26 224 6.072769 16 84 1.138644 308 0.24862383 4 502 19 112 3.036385 18 100 1.355529 212 6.21559566 100 503 20 128 3.470154 19 116 1.572413 244 4.22660505 68 504 21 144 3.903923 18 100 1.355529 244 4.22660505 68 505 22 160 4.337692 19 116 1.572413 276 2.23761444 36 506 23 176 4.771462 18 100 1.355529 276 2.23761444 36 507 24 192 5.205231 19 116 1.572413 308 0.24862383 4 508 25 208 5.639000 18 100 1.355529 308 0.24862383 4 509 21 144 3.903923 20 132 1.789298 276 2.23761444 36 510 22 160 4.337692 21 148 2.006183 308 0.24862383 4 511 23 176 4.771462 20 132 1.789298 308 0.24862383 4 Table A2 Sorted by Main Stream Bit Rate 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 0 0 0 0.000000 0 0 0.000000 0 19.39265846 312 1 1 2 0.054221 0 0 0.000000 2 19.26834655 310 8 0 0 0.000000 1 4 0.054221 4 19.14403463 308 2 2 4 0.108442 0 0 0.000000 4 19.14403463 308 9 1 2 0.054221 1 4 0.054221 6 19.01972272 306 3 3 6 0.162663 0 0 0.000000 6 19.01972272 306 16 0 0 0.000000 2 8 0.108442 8 18.89541081 304 10 2 4 0.108442 1 4 0.054221 8 18.89541081 304 4 4 8 0.216885 0 0 0.000000 8 18.89541081 304 17 1 2 0.054221 2 8 0.108442 10 18.77109889 302 11 3 6 0.162663 1 4 0.054221 10 18.77109889 302 24 0 0 0.000000 3 12 0.162663 12 18.64678698 300 18 2 4 0.108442 2 8 0.108442 12 18.64678698 300 12 4 8 0.216885 1 4 0.054221 12 18.64678698 300 5 5 12 0.325327 0 0 0.000000 12 18.64678698 300 25 1 2 0.054221 3 12 0.162663 14 18.52247507 298 19 3 6 0.162663 2 8 0.108442 14 18.52247507 298 32 0 0 0.000000 4 16 0.216885 16 18.39816315 296 26 2 4 0.108442 3 12 0.162663 16 18.39816315 296 20 4 8 0.216885 2 8 0.108442 16 18.39816315 296 13 5 12 0.325327 1 4 0.054221 16 18.39816315 296 6 6 16 0.433769 0 0 0.000000 16 18.39816315 296 33 1 2 0.054221 4 16 0.216885 18 18.27385124 294 75 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 27 3 6 0.162663 3 12 0.162663 18 18.27385124 294 40 0 0 0.000000 5 20 0.271106 20 18.14953933 292 34 2 4 0.108442 4 16 0.216885 20 18.14953933 292 28 4 8 0.216885 3 12 0.162663 20 18.14953933 292 21 5 12 0.325327 2 8 0.108442 20 18.14953933 292 14 6 16 0.433769 1 4 0.054221 20 18.14953933 292 7 7 20 0.542212 0 0 0.000000 20 18.14953933 292 41 1 2 0.054221 5 20 0.271106 22 18.02522741 290 35 3 6 0.162663 4 16 0.216885 22 18.02522741 290 128 8 24 0.650654 0 0 0.000000 24 17.90091550 288 48 0 0 0.000000 6 24 0.325327 24 17.90091550 288 42 2 4 0.108442 5 20 0.271106 24 17.90091550 288 36 4 8 0.216885 4 16 0.216885 24 17.90091550 288 29 5 12 0.325327 3 12 0.162663 24 17.90091550 288 22 6 16 0.433769 2 8 0.108442 24 17.90091550 288 15 7 20 0.542212 1 4 0.054221 24 17.90091550 288 49 1 2 0.054221 6 24 0.325327 26 17.77660359 286 43 3 6 0.162663 5 20 0.271106 26 17.77660359 286 136 8 24 0.650654 1 4 0.054221 28 17.65229167 284 129 9 28 0.759096 0 0 0.000000 28 17.65229167 284 56 0 0 0.000000 7 28 0.379548 28 17.65229167 284 50 2 4 0.108442 6 24 0.325327 28 17.65229167 284 44 4 8 0.216885 5 20 0.271106 28 17.65229167 284 37 5 12 0.325327 4 16 0.216885 28 17.65229167 284 30 6 16 0.433769 3 12 0.162663 28 17.65229167 284 23 7 20 0.542212 2 8 0.108442 28 17.65229167 284 57 1 2 0.054221 7 28 0.379548 30 17.52797976 282 51 3 6 0.162663 6 24 0.325327 30 17.52797976 282 144 8 24 0.650654 2 8 0.108442 32 17.40366785 280 137 9 28 0.759096 1 4 0.054221 32 17.40366785 280 130 10 32 0.867538 0 0 0.000000 32 17.40366785 280 64 0 0 0.000000 8 32 0.433769 32 17.40366785 280 58 2 4 0.108442 7 28 0.379548 32 17.40366785 280 52 4 8 0.216885 6 24 0.325327 32 17.40366785 280 45 5 12 0.325327 5 20 0.271106 32 17.40366785 280 38 6 16 0.433769 4 16 0.216885 32 17.40366785 280 31 7 20 0.542212 3 12 0.162663 32 17.40366785 280 65 1 2 0.054221 8 32 0.433769 34 17.27935594 278 59 3 6 0.162663 7 28 0.379548 34 17.27935594 278 152 8 24 0.650654 3 12 0.162663 36 17.15504402 276 145 9 28 0.759096 2 8 0.108442 36 17.15504402 276 138 10 32 0.867538 1 4 0.054221 36 17.15504402 276 72 0 0 0.000000 9 36 0.487990 36 17.15504402 276 66 2 4 0.108442 8 32 0.433769 36 17.15504402 276 60 4 8 0.216885 7 28 0.379548 36 17.15504402 276 53 5 12 0.325327 6 24 0.325327 36 17.15504402 276 76 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 46 6 16 0.433769 5 20 0.271106 36 17.15504402 276 39 7 20 0.542212 4 16 0.216885 36 17.15504402 276 73 1 2 0.054221 9 36 0.487990 38 17.03073211 274 67 3 6 0.162663 8 32 0.433769 38 17.03073211 274 160 8 24 0.650654 4 16 0.216885 40 16.90642020 272 153 9 28 0.759096 3 12 0.162663 40 16.90642020 272 146 10 32 0.867538 2 8 0.108442 40 16.90642020 272 131 11 40 1.084423 0 0 0.000000 40 16.90642020 272 80 0 0 0.000000 10 40 0.542212 40 16.90642020 272 74 2 4 0.108442 9 36 0.487990 40 16.90642020 272 68 4 8 0.216885 8 32 0.433769 40 16.90642020 272 61 5 12 0.325327 7 28 0.379548 40 16.90642020 272 54 6 16 0.433769 6 24 0.325327 40 16.90642020 272 47 7 20 0.542212 5 20 0.271106 40 16.90642020 272 81 1 2 0.054221 10 40 0.542212 42 16.78210828 270 75 3 6 0.162663 9 36 0.487990 42 16.78210828 270 168 8 24 0.650654 5 20 0.271106 44 16.65779637 268 161 9 28 0.759096 4 16 0.216885 44 16.65779637 268 154 10 32 0.867538 3 12 0.162663 44 16.65779637 268 139 11 40 1.084423 1 4 0.054221 44 16.65779637 268 88 0 0 0.000000 11 44 0.596433 44 16.65779637 268 82 2 4 0.108442 10 40 0.542212 44 16.65779637 268 76 4 8 0.216885 9 36 0.487990 44 16.65779637 268 69 5 12 0.325327 8 32 0.433769 44 16.65779637 268 62 6 16 0.433769 7 28 0.379548 44 16.65779637 268 55 7 20 0.542212 6 24 0.325327 44 16.65779637 268 89 1 2 0.054221 11 44 0.596433 46 16.53348446 266 83 3 6 0.162663 10 40 0.542212 46 16.53348446 266 176 8 24 0.650654 6 24 0.325327 48 16.40917254 264 169 9 28 0.759096 5 20 0.271106 48 16.40917254 264 162 10 32 0.867538 4 16 0.216885 48 16.40917254 264 147 11 40 1.084423 2 8 0.108442 48 16.40917254 264 132 12 48 1.301308 0 0 0.000000 48 16.40917254 264 90 2 4 0.108442 11 44 0.596433 48 16.40917254 264 84 4 8 0.216885 10 40 0.542212 48 16.40917254 264 77 5 12 0.325327 9 36 0.487990 48 16.40917254 264 70 6 16 0.433769 8 32 0.433769 48 16.40917254 264 63 7 20 0.542212 7 28 0.379548 48 16.40917254 264 91 3 6 0.162663 11 44 0.596433 50 16.28486063 262 184 8 24 0.650654 7 28 0.379548 52 16.16054872 260 177 9 28 0.759096 6 24 0.325327 52 16.16054872 260 170 10 32 0.867538 5 20 0.271106 52 16.16054872 260 155 11 40 1.084423 3 12 0.162663 52 16.16054872 260 140 12 48 1.301308 1 4 0.054221 52 16.16054872 260 96 0 0 0.000000 12 52 0.704875 52 16.16054872 260 92 4 8 0.216885 11 44 0.596433 52 16.16054872 260 77 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 85 5 12 0.325327 10 40 0.542212 52 16.16054872 260 78 6 16 0.433769 9 36 0.487990 52 16.16054872 260 71 7 20 0.542212 8 32 0.433769 52 16.16054872 260 97 1 2 0.054221 12 52 0.704875 54 16.03623680 258 192 8 24 0.650654 8 32 0.433769 56 15.91192489 256 185 9 28 0.759096 7 28 0.379548 56 15.91192489 256 178 10 32 0.867538 6 24 0.325327 56 15.91192489 256 163 11 40 1.084423 4 16 0.216885 56 15.91192489 256 148 12 48 1.301308 2 8 0.108442 56 15.91192489 256 133 13 56 1.518192 0 0 0.000000 56 15.91192489 256 98 2 4 0.108442 12 52 0.704875 56 15.91192489 256 93 5 12 0.325327 11 44 0.596433 56 15.91192489 256 86 6 16 0.433769 10 40 0.542212 56 15.91192489 256 79 7 20 0.542212 9 36 0.487990 56 15.91192489 256 99 3 6 0.162663 12 52 0.704875 58 15.78761298 254 200 8 24 0.650654 9 36 0.487990 60 15.66330106 252 193 9 28 0.759096 8 32 0.433769 60 15.66330106 252 186 10 32 0.867538 7 28 0.379548 60 15.66330106 252 171 11 40 1.084423 5 20 0.271106 60 15.66330106 252 156 12 48 1.301308 3 12 0.162663 60 15.66330106 252 141 13 56 1.518192 1 4 0.054221 60 15.66330106 252 104 0 0 0.000000 13 60 0.813317 60 15.66330106 252 100 4 8 0.216885 12 52 0.704875 60 15.66330106 252 94 6 16 0.433769 11 44 0.596433 60 15.66330106 252 87 7 20 0.542212 10 40 0.542212 60 15.66330106 252 105 1 2 0.054221 13 60 0.813317 62 15.53898915 250 208 8 24 0.650654 10 40 0.542212 64 15.41467724 248 201 9 28 0.759096 9 36 0.487990 64 15.41467724 248 194 10 32 0.867538 8 32 0.433769 64 15.41467724 248 179 11 40 1.084423 6 24 0.325327 64 15.41467724 248 164 12 48 1.301308 4 16 0.216885 64 15.41467724 248 149 13 56 1.518192 2 8 0.108442 64 15.41467724 248 134 14 64 1.735077 0 0 0.000000 64 15.41467724 248 106 2 4 0.108442 13 60 0.813317 64 15.41467724 248 101 5 12 0.325327 12 52 0.704875 64 15.41467724 248 95 7 20 0.542212 11 44 0.596433 64 15.41467724 248 107 3 6 0.162663 13 60 0.813317 66 15.29036532 246 216 8 24 0.650654 11 44 0.596433 68 15.16605341 244 209 9 28 0.759096 10 40 0.542212 68 15.16605341 244 202 10 32 0.867538 9 36 0.487990 68 15.16605341 244 187 11 40 1.084423 7 28 0.379548 68 15.16605341 244 172 12 48 1.301308 5 20 0.271106 68 15.16605341 244 157 13 56 1.518192 3 12 0.162663 68 15.16605341 244 142 14 64 1.735077 1 4 0.054221 68 15.16605341 244 112 0 0 0.000000 14 68 0.921760 68 15.16605341 244 108 4 8 0.216885 13 60 0.813317 68 15.16605341 244 78 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 102 6 16 0.433769 12 52 0.704875 68 15.16605341 244 113 1 2 0.054221 14 68 0.921760 70 15.04174150 242 217 9 28 0.759096 11 44 0.596433 72 14.91742958 240 210 10 32 0.867538 10 40 0.542212 72 14.91742958 240 195 11 40 1.084423 8 32 0.433769 72 14.91742958 240 180 12 48 1.301308 6 24 0.325327 72 14.91742958 240 165 13 56 1.518192 4 16 0.216885 72 14.91742958 240 150 14 64 1.735077 2 8 0.108442 72 14.91742958 240 135 15 72 1.951962 0 0 0.000000 72 14.91742958 240 114 2 4 0.108442 14 68 0.921760 72 14.91742958 240 109 5 12 0.325327 13 60 0.813317 72 14.91742958 240 103 7 20 0.542212 12 52 0.704875 72 14.91742958 240 115 3 6 0.162663 14 68 0.921760 74 14.79311767 238 224 8 24 0.650654 12 52 0.704875 76 14.66880576 236 218 10 32 0.867538 11 44 0.596433 76 14.66880576 236 203 11 40 1.084423 9 36 0.487990 76 14.66880576 236 188 12 48 1.301308 7 28 0.379548 76 14.66880576 236 173 13 56 1.518192 5 20 0.271106 76 14.66880576 236 158 14 64 1.735077 3 12 0.162663 76 14.66880576 236 143 15 72 1.951962 1 4 0.054221 76 14.66880576 236 120 0 0 0.000000 15 76 1.030202 76 14.66880576 236 116 4 8 0.216885 14 68 0.921760 76 14.66880576 236 110 6 16 0.433769 13 60 0.813317 76 14.66880576 236 121 1 2 0.054221 15 76 1.030202 78 14.54449384 234 225 9 28 0.759096 12 52 0.704875 80 14.42018193 232 211 11 40 1.084423 10 40 0.542212 80 14.42018193 232 196 12 48 1.301308 8 32 0.433769 80 14.42018193 232 181 13 56 1.518192 6 24 0.325327 80 14.42018193 232 166 14 64 1.735077 4 16 0.216885 80 14.42018193 232 151 15 72 1.951962 2 8 0.108442 80 14.42018193 232 122 2 4 0.108442 15 76 1.030202 80 14.42018193 232 117 5 12 0.325327 14 68 0.921760 80 14.42018193 232 111 7 20 0.542212 13 60 0.813317 80 14.42018193 232 123 3 6 0.162663 15 76 1.030202 82 14.29587002 230 321 16 80 2.168846 1 4 0.054221 84 14.17155811 228 232 8 24 0.650654 13 60 0.813317 84 14.17155811 228 226 10 32 0.867538 12 52 0.704875 84 14.17155811 228 219 11 40 1.084423 11 44 0.596433 84 14.17155811 228 204 12 48 1.301308 9 36 0.487990 84 14.17155811 228 189 13 56 1.518192 7 28 0.379548 84 14.17155811 228 174 14 64 1.735077 5 20 0.271106 84 14.17155811 228 159 15 72 1.951962 3 12 0.162663 84 14.17155811 228 124 4 8 0.216885 15 76 1.030202 84 14.17155811 228 118 6 16 0.433769 14 68 0.921760 84 14.17155811 228 257 1 2 0.054221 16 84 1.138644 86 14.04724619 226 320 17 88 2.385731 0 0 0.000000 88 13.92293428 224 79 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 233 9 28 0.759096 13 60 0.813317 88 13.92293428 224 212 12 48 1.301308 10 40 0.542212 88 13.92293428 224 197 13 56 1.518192 8 32 0.433769 88 13.92293428 224 182 14 64 1.735077 6 24 0.325327 88 13.92293428 224 167 15 72 1.951962 4 16 0.216885 88 13.92293428 224 125 5 12 0.325327 15 76 1.030202 88 13.92293428 224 119 7 20 0.542212 14 68 0.921760 88 13.92293428 224 259 3 6 0.162663 16 84 1.138644 90 13.79862237 222 323 16 80 2.168846 3 12 0.162663 92 13.67431045 220 256 0 0 0.000000 17 92 1.247087 92 13.67431045 220 240 8 24 0.650654 14 68 0.921760 92 13.67431045 220 234 10 32 0.867538 13 60 0.813317 92 13.67431045 220 227 11 40 1.084423 12 52 0.704875 92 13.67431045 220 220 12 48 1.301308 11 44 0.596433 92 13.67431045 220 205 13 56 1.518192 9 36 0.487990 92 13.67431045 220 190 14 64 1.735077 7 28 0.379548 92 13.67431045 220 175 15 72 1.951962 5 20 0.271106 92 13.67431045 220 126 6 16 0.433769 15 76 1.030202 92 13.67431045 220 322 17 88 2.385731 2 8 0.108442 96 13.42568663 216 261 5 12 0.325327 16 84 1.138644 96 13.42568663 216 258 2 4 0.108442 17 92 1.247087 96 13.42568663 216 241 9 28 0.759096 14 68 0.921760 96 13.42568663 216 213 13 56 1.518192 10 40 0.542212 96 13.42568663 216 198 14 64 1.735077 8 32 0.433769 96 13.42568663 216 183 15 72 1.951962 6 24 0.325327 96 13.42568663 216 127 7 20 0.542212 15 76 1.030202 96 13.42568663 216 337 18 96 2.602615 1 4 0.054221 100 13.17706280 212 325 16 80 2.168846 5 20 0.271106 100 13.17706280 212 260 4 8 0.216885 17 92 1.247087 100 13.17706280 212 248 8 24 0.650654 15 76 1.030202 100 13.17706280 212 242 10 32 0.867538 14 68 0.921760 100 13.17706280 212 235 11 40 1.084423 13 60 0.813317 100 13.17706280 212 228 12 48 1.301308 12 52 0.704875 100 13.17706280 212 221 13 56 1.518192 11 44 0.596433 100 13.17706280 212 206 14 64 1.735077 9 36 0.487990 100 13.17706280 212 191 15 72 1.951962 7 28 0.379548 100 13.17706280 212 273 1 2 0.054221 18 100 1.355529 102 13.05275089 210 324 17 88 2.385731 4 16 0.216885 104 12.92843897 208 263 7 20 0.542212 16 84 1.138644 104 12.92843897 208 249 9 28 0.759096 15 76 1.030202 104 12.92843897 208 214 14 64 1.735077 10 40 0.542212 104 12.92843897 208 199 15 72 1.951962 8 32 0.433769 104 12.92843897 208 275 3 6 0.162663 18 100 1.355529 106 12.80412706 206 339 18 96 2.602615 3 12 0.162663 108 12.67981515 204 327 16 80 2.168846 7 28 0.379548 108 12.67981515 204 262 6 16 0.433769 17 92 1.247087 108 12.67981515 204 80 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 250 10 32 0.867538 15 76 1.030202 108 12.67981515 204 243 11 40 1.084423 14 68 0.921760 108 12.67981515 204 236 12 48 1.301308 13 60 0.813317 108 12.67981515 204 229 13 56 1.518192 12 52 0.704875 108 12.67981515 204 222 14 64 1.735077 11 44 0.596433 108 12.67981515 204 207 15 72 1.951962 9 36 0.487990 108 12.67981515 204 336 19 112 3.036385 0 0 0.000000 112 12.43119132 200 326 17 88 2.385731 6 24 0.325327 112 12.43119132 200 277 5 12 0.325327 18 100 1.355529 112 12.43119132 200 265 9 28 0.759096 16 84 1.138644 112 12.43119132 200 215 15 72 1.951962 10 40 0.542212 112 12.43119132 200 341 18 96 2.602615 5 20 0.271106 116 12.18256749 196 329 16 80 2.168846 9 36 0.487990 116 12.18256749 196 272 0 0 0.000000 19 116 1.572413 116 12.18256749 196 264 8 24 0.650654 17 92 1.247087 116 12.18256749 196 251 11 40 1.084423 15 76 1.030202 116 12.18256749 196 244 12 48 1.301308 14 68 0.921760 116 12.18256749 196 237 13 56 1.518192 13 60 0.813317 116 12.18256749 196 230 14 64 1.735077 12 52 0.704875 116 12.18256749 196 223 15 72 1.951962 11 44 0.596433 116 12.18256749 196 338 19 112 3.036385 2 8 0.108442 120 11.93394367 192 328 17 88 2.385731 8 32 0.433769 120 11.93394367 192 279 7 20 0.542212 18 100 1.355529 120 11.93394367 192 274 2 4 0.108442 19 116 1.572413 120 11.93394367 192 343 18 96 2.602615 7 28 0.379548 124 11.68531984 188 331 16 80 2.168846 11 44 0.596433 124 11.68531984 188 276 4 8 0.216885 19 116 1.572413 124 11.68531984 188 267 11 40 1.084423 16 84 1.138644 124 11.68531984 188 266 10 32 0.867538 17 92 1.247087 124 11.68531984 188 252 12 48 1.301308 15 76 1.030202 124 11.68531984 188 245 13 56 1.518192 14 68 0.921760 124 11.68531984 188 238 14 64 1.735077 13 60 0.813317 124 11.68531984 188 231 15 72 1.951962 12 52 0.704875 124 11.68531984 188 340 19 112 3.036385 4 16 0.216885 128 11.43669601 184 330 17 88 2.385731 10 40 0.542212 128 11.43669601 184 281 9 28 0.759096 18 100 1.355529 128 11.43669601 184 353 20 128 3.470154 1 4 0.054221 132 11.18807219 180 345 18 96 2.602615 9 36 0.487990 132 11.18807219 180 278 6 16 0.433769 19 116 1.572413 132 11.18807219 180 253 13 56 1.518192 15 76 1.030202 132 11.18807219 180 246 14 64 1.735077 14 68 0.921760 132 11.18807219 180 239 15 72 1.951962 13 60 0.813317 132 11.18807219 180 289 1 2 0.054221 20 132 1.789298 134 11.06376028 178 342 19 112 3.036385 6 24 0.325327 136 10.93944836 176 291 3 6 0.162663 20 132 1.789298 138 10.81513645 174 355 20 128 3.470154 3 12 0.162663 140 10.69082454 172 81 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 347 18 96 2.602615 11 44 0.596433 140 10.69082454 172 333 16 80 2.168846 13 60 0.813317 140 10.69082454 172 332 17 88 2.385731 12 52 0.704875 140 10.69082454 172 283 11 40 1.084423 18 100 1.355529 140 10.69082454 172 280 8 24 0.650654 19 116 1.572413 140 10.69082454 172 269 13 56 1.518192 16 84 1.138644 140 10.69082454 172 268 12 48 1.301308 17 92 1.247087 140 10.69082454 172 254 14 64 1.735077 15 76 1.030202 140 10.69082454 172 247 15 72 1.951962 14 68 0.921760 140 10.69082454 172 352 21 144 3.903923 0 0 0.000000 144 10.44220071 168 344 19 112 3.036385 8 32 0.433769 144 10.44220071 168 293 5 12 0.325327 20 132 1.789298 144 10.44220071 168 357 20 128 3.470154 5 20 0.271106 148 10.19357688 164 288 0 0 0.000000 21 148 2.006183 148 10.19357688 164 282 10 32 0.867538 19 116 1.572413 148 10.19357688 164 255 15 72 1.951962 15 76 1.030202 148 10.19357688 164 354 21 144 3.903923 2 8 0.108442 152 9.94495306 160 346 19 112 3.036385 10 40 0.542212 152 9.94495306 160 295 7 20 0.542212 20 132 1.789298 152 9.94495306 160 290 2 4 0.108442 21 148 2.006183 152 9.94495306 160 359 20 128 3.470154 7 28 0.379548 156 9.69632923 156 349 18 96 2.602615 13 60 0.813317 156 9.69632923 156 335 16 80 2.168846 15 76 1.030202 156 9.69632923 156 334 17 88 2.385731 14 68 0.921760 156 9.69632923 156 292 4 8 0.216885 21 148 2.006183 156 9.69632923 156 285 13 56 1.518192 18 100 1.355529 156 9.69632923 156 271 15 72 1.951962 16 84 1.138644 156 9.69632923 156 270 14 64 1.735077 17 92 1.247087 156 9.69632923 156 356 21 144 3.903923 4 16 0.216885 160 9.44770540 152 297 9 28 0.759096 20 132 1.789298 160 9.44770540 152 369 22 160 4.337692 1 4 0.054221 164 9.19908158 148 361 20 128 3.470154 9 36 0.487990 164 9.19908158 148 348 19 112 3.036385 12 52 0.704875 164 9.19908158 148 294 6 16 0.433769 21 148 2.006183 164 9.19908158 148 284 12 48 1.301308 19 116 1.572413 164 9.19908158 148 305 1 2 0.054221 22 164 2.223067 166 9.07476966 146 358 21 144 3.903923 6 24 0.325327 168 8.95045775 144 307 3 6 0.162663 22 164 2.223067 170 8.82614584 142 492 17 88 2.385731 16 84 1.138644 172 8.70183392 140 460 16 80 2.168846 17 92 1.247087 172 8.70183392 140 371 22 160 4.337692 3 12 0.162663 172 8.70183392 140 363 20 128 3.470154 11 44 0.596433 172 8.70183392 140 351 18 96 2.602615 15 76 1.030202 172 8.70183392 140 299 11 40 1.084423 20 132 1.789298 172 8.70183392 140 296 8 24 0.650654 21 148 2.006183 172 8.70183392 140 287 15 72 1.951962 18 100 1.355529 172 8.70183392 140 82 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 368 23 176 4.771462 0 0 0.000000 176 8.45321010 136 360 21 144 3.903923 8 32 0.433769 176 8.45321010 136 309 5 12 0.325327 22 164 2.223067 176 8.45321010 136 373 22 160 4.337692 5 20 0.271106 180 8.20458627 132 350 19 112 3.036385 14 68 0.921760 180 8.20458627 132 304 0 0 0.000000 23 180 2.439952 180 8.20458627 132 298 10 32 0.867538 21 148 2.006183 180 8.20458627 132 286 14 64 1.735077 19 116 1.572413 180 8.20458627 132 370 23 176 4.771462 2 8 0.108442 184 7.95596245 128 362 21 144 3.903923 10 40 0.542212 184 7.95596245 128 311 7 20 0.542212 22 164 2.223067 184 7.95596245 128 306 2 4 0.108442 23 180 2.439952 184 7.95596245 128 493 18 96 2.602615 17 92 1.247087 188 7.70733862 124 461 17 88 2.385731 18 100 1.355529 188 7.70733862 124 375 22 160 4.337692 7 28 0.379548 188 7.70733862 124 365 20 128 3.470154 13 60 0.813317 188 7.70733862 124 308 4 8 0.216885 23 180 2.439952 188 7.70733862 124 301 13 56 1.518192 20 132 1.789298 188 7.70733862 124 372 23 176 4.771462 4 16 0.216885 192 7.45871479 120 313 9 28 0.759096 22 164 2.223067 192 7.45871479 120 494 19 112 3.036385 16 84 1.138644 196 7.21009097 116 462 16 80 2.168846 19 116 1.572413 196 7.21009097 116 417 24 192 5.205231 1 4 0.054221 196 7.21009097 116 377 22 160 4.337692 9 36 0.487990 196 7.21009097 116 364 21 144 3.903923 12 52 0.704875 196 7.21009097 116 310 6 16 0.433769 23 180 2.439952 196 7.21009097 116 300 12 48 1.301308 21 148 2.006183 196 7.21009097 116 385 1 2 0.054221 24 196 2.656837 198 7.08577905 114 374 23 176 4.771462 6 24 0.325327 200 6.96146714 112 387 3 6 0.162663 24 196 2.656837 202 6.83715523 110 419 24 192 5.205231 3 12 0.162663 204 6.71284331 108 379 22 160 4.337692 11 44 0.596433 204 6.71284331 108 367 20 128 3.470154 15 76 1.030202 204 6.71284331 108 315 11 40 1.084423 22 164 2.223067 204 6.71284331 108 312 8 24 0.650654 23 180 2.439952 204 6.71284331 108 303 15 72 1.951962 20 132 1.789298 204 6.71284331 108 416 25 208 5.639000 0 0 0.000000 208 6.46421949 104 389 5 12 0.325327 24 196 2.656837 208 6.46421949 104 376 23 176 4.771462 8 32 0.433769 208 6.46421949 104 502 19 112 3.036385 18 100 1.355529 212 6.21559566 100 470 18 96 2.602615 19 116 1.572413 212 6.21559566 100 421 24 192 5.205231 5 20 0.271106 212 6.21559566 100 384 0 0 0.000000 25 212 2.873721 212 6.21559566 100 366 21 144 3.903923 14 68 0.921760 212 6.21559566 100 314 10 32 0.867538 23 180 2.439952 212 6.21559566 100 302 14 64 1.735077 21 148 2.006183 212 6.21559566 100 83 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 418 25 208 5.639000 2 8 0.108442 216 5.96697183 96 391 7 20 0.542212 24 196 2.656837 216 5.96697183 96 386 2 4 0.108442 25 212 2.873721 216 5.96697183 96 378 23 176 4.771462 10 40 0.542212 216 5.96697183 96 495 20 128 3.470154 17 92 1.247087 220 5.71834801 92 463 17 88 2.385731 20 132 1.789298 220 5.71834801 92 423 24 192 5.205231 7 28 0.379548 220 5.71834801 92 388 4 8 0.216885 25 212 2.873721 220 5.71834801 92 381 22 160 4.337692 13 60 0.813317 220 5.71834801 92 317 13 56 1.518192 22 164 2.223067 220 5.71834801 92 420 25 208 5.639000 4 16 0.216885 224 5.46972418 88 393 9 28 0.759096 24 196 2.656837 224 5.46972418 88 496 21 144 3.903923 16 84 1.138644 228 5.22110035 84 464 16 80 2.168846 21 148 2.006183 228 5.22110035 84 433 26 224 6.072769 1 4 0.054221 228 5.22110035 84 425 24 192 5.205231 9 36 0.487990 228 5.22110035 84 390 6 16 0.433769 25 212 2.873721 228 5.22110035 84 380 23 176 4.771462 12 52 0.704875 228 5.22110035 84 316 12 48 1.301308 23 180 2.439952 228 5.22110035 84 401 1 2 0.054221 26 228 3.090606 230 5.09678844 82 422 25 208 5.639000 6 24 0.325327 232 4.97247653 80 403 3 6 0.162663 26 228 3.090606 234 4.84816461 78 435 26 224 6.072769 3 12 0.162663 236 4.72385270 76 427 24 192 5.205231 11 44 0.596433 236 4.72385270 76 395 11 40 1.084423 24 196 2.656837 236 4.72385270 76 392 8 24 0.650654 25 212 2.873721 236 4.72385270 76 383 22 160 4.337692 15 76 1.030202 236 4.72385270 76 319 15 72 1.951962 22 164 2.223067 236 4.72385270 76 432 27 240 6.506538 0 0 0.000000 240 4.47522888 72 424 25 208 5.639000 8 32 0.433769 240 4.47522888 72 405 5 12 0.325327 26 228 3.090606 240 4.47522888 72 504 21 144 3.903923 18 100 1.355529 244 4.22660505 68 503 20 128 3.470154 19 116 1.572413 244 4.22660505 68 472 18 96 2.602615 21 148 2.006183 244 4.22660505 68 471 19 112 3.036385 20 132 1.789298 244 4.22660505 68 437 26 224 6.072769 5 20 0.271106 244 4.22660505 68 400 0 0 0.000000 27 244 3.307490 244 4.22660505 68 394 10 32 0.867538 25 212 2.873721 244 4.22660505 68 382 23 176 4.771462 14 68 0.921760 244 4.22660505 68 318 14 64 1.735077 23 180 2.439952 244 4.22660505 68 434 27 240 6.506538 2 8 0.108442 248 3.97798122 64 426 25 208 5.639000 10 40 0.542212 248 3.97798122 64 407 7 20 0.542212 26 228 3.090606 248 3.97798122 64 402 2 4 0.108442 27 244 3.307490 248 3.97798122 64 497 22 160 4.337692 17 92 1.247087 252 3.72935740 60 465 17 88 2.385731 22 164 2.223067 252 3.72935740 60 84 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 439 26 224 6.072769 7 28 0.379548 252 3.72935740 60 429 24 192 5.205231 13 60 0.813317 252 3.72935740 60 404 4 8 0.216885 27 244 3.307490 252 3.72935740 60 397 13 56 1.518192 24 196 2.656837 252 3.72935740 60 436 27 240 6.506538 4 16 0.216885 256 3.48073357 56 409 9 28 0.759096 26 228 3.090606 256 3.48073357 56 498 23 176 4.771462 16 84 1.138644 260 3.23210974 52 481 28 256 6.940308 1 4 0.054221 260 3.23210974 52 466 16 80 2.168846 23 180 2.439952 260 3.23210974 52 441 26 224 6.072769 9 36 0.487990 260 3.23210974 52 428 25 208 5.639000 12 52 0.704875 260 3.23210974 52 406 6 16 0.433769 27 244 3.307490 260 3.23210974 52 396 12 48 1.301308 25 212 2.873721 260 3.23210974 52 449 1 2 0.054221 28 260 3.524375 262 3.10779783 50 438 27 240 6.506538 6 24 0.325327 264 2.98348592 48 451 4 8 0.216885 28 260 3.524375 268 2.73486209 44 443 26 224 6.072769 11 44 0.596433 268 2.73486209 44 431 24 192 5.205231 15 76 1.030202 268 2.73486209 44 411 11 40 1.084423 26 228 3.090606 268 2.73486209 44 408 8 24 0.650654 27 244 3.307490 268 2.73486209 44 399 15 72 1.951962 24 196 2.656837 268 2.73486209 44 483 28 256 6.940308 4 16 0.216885 272 2.48623826 40 480 29 272 7.374077 0 0 0.000000 272 2.48623826 40 440 27 240 6.506538 8 32 0.433769 272 2.48623826 40 509 21 144 3.903923 20 132 1.789298 276 2.23761444 36 506 23 176 4.771462 18 100 1.355529 276 2.23761444 36 505 22 160 4.337692 19 116 1.572413 276 2.23761444 36 477 20 128 3.470154 21 148 2.006183 276 2.23761444 36 474 18 96 2.602615 23 180 2.439952 276 2.23761444 36 473 19 112 3.036385 22 164 2.223067 276 2.23761444 36 448 0 0 0.000000 29 276 3.741260 276 2.23761444 36 430 25 208 5.639000 14 68 0.921760 276 2.23761444 36 410 10 32 0.867538 27 244 3.307490 276 2.23761444 36 398 14 64 1.735077 25 212 2.873721 276 2.23761444 36 453 7 20 0.542212 28 260 3.524375 280 1.98899061 32 442 27 240 6.506538 10 40 0.542212 280 1.98899061 32 450 3 6 0.162663 29 276 3.741260 282 1.86467870 30 499 24 192 5.205231 17 92 1.247087 284 1.74036678 28 485 28 256 6.940308 7 28 0.379548 284 1.74036678 28 482 29 272 7.374077 3 12 0.162663 284 1.74036678 28 467 17 88 2.385731 24 196 2.656837 284 1.74036678 28 445 26 224 6.072769 13 60 0.813317 284 1.74036678 28 413 13 56 1.518192 26 228 3.090606 284 1.74036678 28 500 25 208 5.639000 16 84 1.138644 292 1.24311913 20 468 16 80 2.168846 25 212 2.873721 292 1.24311913 20 455 10 32 0.867538 28 260 3.524375 292 1.24311913 20 85 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 452 6 16 0.433769 29 276 3.741260 292 1.24311913 20 444 27 240 6.506538 12 52 0.704875 292 1.24311913 20 412 12 48 1.301308 27 244 3.307490 292 1.24311913 20 490 30 288 7.807846 2 8 0.108442 296 0.99449531 16 487 28 256 6.940308 10 40 0.542212 296 0.99449531 16 484 29 272 7.374077 6 24 0.325327 296 0.99449531 16 458 2 4 0.108442 30 292 3.958144 296 0.99449531 16 447 26 224 6.072769 15 76 1.030202 300 0.74587148 12 415 15 72 1.951962 26 228 3.090606 300 0.74587148 12 459 5 12 0.325327 30 292 3.958144 304 0.49724765 8 454 9 28 0.759096 29 276 3.741260 304 0.49724765 8 511 23 176 4.771462 20 132 1.789298 308 0.24862383 4 510 22 160 4.337692 21 148 2.006183 308 0.24862383 4 508 25 208 5.639000 18 100 1.355529 308 0.24862383 4 507 24 192 5.205231 19 116 1.572413 308 0.24862383 4 501 26 224 6.072769 16 84 1.138644 308 0.24862383 4 491 30 288 7.807846 5 20 0.271106 308 0.24862383 4 488 28 256 6.940308 12 52 0.704875 308 0.24862383 4 486 29 272 7.374077 9 36 0.487990 308 0.24862383 4 479 20 128 3.470154 23 180 2.439952 308 0.24862383 4 478 21 144 3.903923 22 164 2.223067 308 0.24862383 4 476 18 96 2.602615 25 212 2.873721 308 0.24862383 4 475 19 112 3.036385 24 196 2.656837 308 0.24862383 4 469 16 80 2.168846 26 228 3.090606 308 0.24862383 4 456 12 48 1.301308 28 260 3.524375 308 0.24862383 4 446 27 240 6.506538 14 68 0.921760 308 0.24862383 4 414 14 64 1.735077 27 244 3.307490 308 0.24862383 4 489 31 312 8.458500 0 0 0.000000 312 0.00000000 0 457 0 0 0.000000 31 312 4.229250 312 0.00000000 0 Table A3 Sorted by 1/2 Bit Rate 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 489 31 312 8.458500 0 0 0.000000 312 0.00000000 0 490 30 288 7.807846 2 8 0.108442 296 0.99449531 16 491 30 288 7.807846 5 20 0.271106 308 0.24862383 4 480 29 272 7.374077 0 0 0.000000 272 2.48623826 40 482 29 272 7.374077 3 12 0.162663 284 1.74036678 28 484 29 272 7.374077 6 24 0.325327 296 0.99449531 16 486 29 272 7.374077 9 36 0.487990 308 0.24862383 4 481 28 256 6.940308 1 4 0.054221 260 3.23210974 52 483 28 256 6.940308 4 16 0.216885 272 2.48623826 40 485 28 256 6.940308 7 28 0.379548 284 1.74036678 28 487 28 256 6.940308 10 40 0.542212 296 0.99449531 16 488 28 256 6.940308 12 52 0.704875 308 0.24862383 4 432 27 240 6.506538 0 0 0.000000 240 4.47522888 72 86 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 434 27 240 6.506538 2 8 0.108442 248 3.97798122 64 436 27 240 6.506538 4 16 0.216885 256 3.48073357 56 438 27 240 6.506538 6 24 0.325327 264 2.98348592 48 440 27 240 6.506538 8 32 0.433769 272 2.48623826 40 442 27 240 6.506538 10 40 0.542212 280 1.98899061 32 444 27 240 6.506538 12 52 0.704875 292 1.24311913 20 446 27 240 6.506538 14 68 0.921760 308 0.24862383 4 433 26 224 6.072769 1 4 0.054221 228 5.22110035 84 435 26 224 6.072769 3 12 0.162663 236 4.72385270 76 437 26 224 6.072769 5 20 0.271106 244 4.22660505 68 439 26 224 6.072769 7 28 0.379548 252 3.72935740 60 441 26 224 6.072769 9 36 0.487990 260 3.23210974 52 443 26 224 6.072769 11 44 0.596433 268 2.73486209 44 445 26 224 6.072769 13 60 0.813317 284 1.74036678 28 447 26 224 6.072769 15 76 1.030202 300 0.74587148 12 501 26 224 6.072769 16 84 1.138644 308 0.24862383 4 416 25 208 5.639000 0 0 0.000000 208 6.46421949 104 418 25 208 5.639000 2 8 0.108442 216 5.96697183 96 420 25 208 5.639000 4 16 0.216885 224 5.46972418 88 422 25 208 5.639000 6 24 0.325327 232 4.97247653 80 424 25 208 5.639000 8 32 0.433769 240 4.47522888 72 426 25 208 5.639000 10 40 0.542212 248 3.97798122 64 428 25 208 5.639000 12 52 0.704875 260 3.23210974 52 430 25 208 5.639000 14 68 0.921760 276 2.23761444 36 500 25 208 5.639000 16 84 1.138644 292 1.24311913 20 508 25 208 5.639000 18 100 1.355529 308 0.24862383 4 417 24 192 5.205231 1 4 0.054221 196 7.21009097 116 419 24 192 5.205231 3 12 0.162663 204 6.71284331 108 421 24 192 5.205231 5 20 0.271106 212 6.21559566 100 423 24 192 5.205231 7 28 0.379548 220 5.71834801 92 425 24 192 5.205231 9 36 0.487990 228 5.22110035 84 427 24 192 5.205231 11 44 0.596433 236 4.72385270 76 429 24 192 5.205231 13 60 0.813317 252 3.72935740 60 431 24 192 5.205231 15 76 1.030202 268 2.73486209 44 499 24 192 5.205231 17 92 1.247087 284 1.74036678 28 507 24 192 5.205231 19 116 1.572413 308 0.24862383 4 368 23 176 4.771462 0 0 0.000000 176 8.45321010 136 370 23 176 4.771462 2 8 0.108442 184 7.95596245 128 372 23 176 4.771462 4 16 0.216885 192 7.45871479 120 374 23 176 4.771462 6 24 0.325327 200 6.96146714 112 376 23 176 4.771462 8 32 0.433769 208 6.46421949 104 378 23 176 4.771462 10 40 0.542212 216 5.96697183 96 380 23 176 4.771462 12 52 0.704875 228 5.22110035 84 382 23 176 4.771462 14 68 0.921760 244 4.22660505 68 498 23 176 4.771462 16 84 1.138644 260 3.23210974 52 506 23 176 4.771462 18 100 1.355529 276 2.23761444 36 87 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 511 23 176 4.771462 20 132 1.789298 308 0.24862383 4 369 22 160 4.337692 1 4 0.054221 164 9.19908158 148 371 22 160 4.337692 3 12 0.162663 172 8.70183392 140 373 22 160 4.337692 5 20 0.271106 180 8.20458627 132 375 22 160 4.337692 7 28 0.379548 188 7.70733862 124 377 22 160 4.337692 9 36 0.487990 196 7.21009097 116 379 22 160 4.337692 11 44 0.596433 204 6.71284331 108 381 22 160 4.337692 13 60 0.813317 220 5.71834801 92 383 22 160 4.337692 15 76 1.030202 236 4.72385270 76 497 22 160 4.337692 17 92 1.247087 252 3.72935740 60 505 22 160 4.337692 19 116 1.572413 276 2.23761444 36 510 22 160 4.337692 21 148 2.006183 308 0.24862383 4 352 21 144 3.903923 0 0 0.000000 144 10.44220071 168 354 21 144 3.903923 2 8 0.108442 152 9.94495306 160 356 21 144 3.903923 4 16 0.216885 160 9.44770540 152 358 21 144 3.903923 6 24 0.325327 168 8.95045775 144 360 21 144 3.903923 8 32 0.433769 176 8.45321010 136 362 21 144 3.903923 10 40 0.542212 184 7.95596245 128 364 21 144 3.903923 12 52 0.704875 196 7.21009097 116 366 21 144 3.903923 14 68 0.921760 212 6.21559566 100 496 21 144 3.903923 16 84 1.138644 228 5.22110035 84 504 21 144 3.903923 18 100 1.355529 244 4.22660505 68 509 21 144 3.903923 20 132 1.789298 276 2.23761444 36 478 21 144 3.903923 22 164 2.223067 308 0.24862383 4 353 20 128 3.470154 1 4 0.054221 132 11.18807219 180 355 20 128 3.470154 3 12 0.162663 140 10.69082454 172 357 20 128 3.470154 5 20 0.271106 148 10.19357688 164 359 20 128 3.470154 7 28 0.379548 156 9.69632923 156 361 20 128 3.470154 9 36 0.487990 164 9.19908158 148 363 20 128 3.470154 11 44 0.596433 172 8.70183392 140 365 20 128 3.470154 13 60 0.813317 188 7.70733862 124 367 20 128 3.470154 15 76 1.030202 204 6.71284331 108 495 20 128 3.470154 17 92 1.247087 220 5.71834801 92 503 20 128 3.470154 19 116 1.572413 244 4.22660505 68 477 20 128 3.470154 21 148 2.006183 276 2.23761444 36 479 20 128 3.470154 23 180 2.439952 308 0.24862383 4 336 19 112 3.036385 0 0 0.000000 112 12.43119132 200 338 19 112 3.036385 2 8 0.108442 120 11.93394367 192 340 19 112 3.036385 4 16 0.216885 128 11.43669601 184 342 19 112 3.036385 6 24 0.325327 136 10.93944836 176 344 19 112 3.036385 8 32 0.433769 144 10.44220071 168 346 19 112 3.036385 10 40 0.542212 152 9.94495306 160 348 19 112 3.036385 12 52 0.704875 164 9.19908158 148 350 19 112 3.036385 14 68 0.921760 180 8.20458627 132 494 19 112 3.036385 16 84 1.138644 196 7.21009097 116 502 19 112 3.036385 18 100 1.355529 212 6.21559566 100 88 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 471 19 112 3.036385 20 132 1.789298 244 4.22660505 68 473 19 112 3.036385 22 164 2.223067 276 2.23761444 36 475 19 112 3.036385 24 196 2.656837 308 0.24862383 4 337 18 96 2.602615 1 4 0.054221 100 13.17706280 212 339 18 96 2.602615 3 12 0.162663 108 12.67981515 204 341 18 96 2.602615 5 20 0.271106 116 12.18256749 196 343 18 96 2.602615 7 28 0.379548 124 11.68531984 188 345 18 96 2.602615 9 36 0.487990 132 11.18807219 180 347 18 96 2.602615 11 44 0.596433 140 10.69082454 172 349 18 96 2.602615 13 60 0.813317 156 9.69632923 156 351 18 96 2.602615 15 76 1.030202 172 8.70183392 140 493 18 96 2.602615 17 92 1.247087 188 7.70733862 124 470 18 96 2.602615 19 116 1.572413 212 6.21559566 100 472 18 96 2.602615 21 148 2.006183 244 4.22660505 68 474 18 96 2.602615 23 180 2.439952 276 2.23761444 36 476 18 96 2.602615 25 212 2.873721 308 0.24862383 4 320 17 88 2.385731 0 0 0.000000 88 13.92293428 224 322 17 88 2.385731 2 8 0.108442 96 13.42568663 216 324 17 88 2.385731 4 16 0.216885 104 12.92843897 208 326 17 88 2.385731 6 24 0.325327 112 12.43119132 200 328 17 88 2.385731 8 32 0.433769 120 11.93394367 192 330 17 88 2.385731 10 40 0.542212 128 11.43669601 184 332 17 88 2.385731 12 52 0.704875 140 10.69082454 172 334 17 88 2.385731 14 68 0.921760 156 9.69632923 156 492 17 88 2.385731 16 84 1.138644 172 8.70183392 140 461 17 88 2.385731 18 100 1.355529 188 7.70733862 124 463 17 88 2.385731 20 132 1.789298 220 5.71834801 92 465 17 88 2.385731 22 164 2.223067 252 3.72935740 60 467 17 88 2.385731 24 196 2.656837 284 1.74036678 28 321 16 80 2.168846 1 4 0.054221 84 14.17155811 228 323 16 80 2.168846 3 12 0.162663 92 13.67431045 220 325 16 80 2.168846 5 20 0.271106 100 13.17706280 212 327 16 80 2.168846 7 28 0.379548 108 12.67981515 204 329 16 80 2.168846 9 36 0.487990 116 12.18256749 196 331 16 80 2.168846 11 44 0.596433 124 11.68531984 188 333 16 80 2.168846 13 60 0.813317 140 10.69082454 172 335 16 80 2.168846 15 76 1.030202 156 9.69632923 156 460 16 80 2.168846 17 92 1.247087 172 8.70183392 140 462 16 80 2.168846 19 116 1.572413 196 7.21009097 116 464 16 80 2.168846 21 148 2.006183 228 5.22110035 84 466 16 80 2.168846 23 180 2.439952 260 3.23210974 52 468 16 80 2.168846 25 212 2.873721 292 1.24311913 20 469 16 80 2.168846 26 228 3.090606 308 0.24862383 4 135 15 72 1.951962 0 0 0.000000 72 14.91742958 240 143 15 72 1.951962 1 4 0.054221 76 14.66880576 236 151 15 72 1.951962 2 8 0.108442 80 14.42018193 232 89 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 159 15 72 1.951962 3 12 0.162663 84 14.17155811 228 167 15 72 1.951962 4 16 0.216885 88 13.92293428 224 175 15 72 1.951962 5 20 0.271106 92 13.67431045 220 183 15 72 1.951962 6 24 0.325327 96 13.42568663 216 191 15 72 1.951962 7 28 0.379548 100 13.17706280 212 199 15 72 1.951962 8 32 0.433769 104 12.92843897 208 207 15 72 1.951962 9 36 0.487990 108 12.67981515 204 215 15 72 1.951962 10 40 0.542212 112 12.43119132 200 223 15 72 1.951962 11 44 0.596433 116 12.18256749 196 231 15 72 1.951962 12 52 0.704875 124 11.68531984 188 239 15 72 1.951962 13 60 0.813317 132 11.18807219 180 247 15 72 1.951962 14 68 0.921760 140 10.69082454 172 255 15 72 1.951962 15 76 1.030202 148 10.19357688 164 271 15 72 1.951962 16 84 1.138644 156 9.69632923 156 287 15 72 1.951962 18 100 1.355529 172 8.70183392 140 303 15 72 1.951962 20 132 1.789298 204 6.71284331 108 319 15 72 1.951962 22 164 2.223067 236 4.72385270 76 399 15 72 1.951962 24 196 2.656837 268 2.73486209 44 415 15 72 1.951962 26 228 3.090606 300 0.74587148 12 134 14 64 1.735077 0 0 0.000000 64 15.41467724 248 142 14 64 1.735077 1 4 0.054221 68 15.16605341 244 150 14 64 1.735077 2 8 0.108442 72 14.91742958 240 158 14 64 1.735077 3 12 0.162663 76 14.66880576 236 166 14 64 1.735077 4 16 0.216885 80 14.42018193 232 174 14 64 1.735077 5 20 0.271106 84 14.17155811 228 182 14 64 1.735077 6 24 0.325327 88 13.92293428 224 190 14 64 1.735077 7 28 0.379548 92 13.67431045 220 198 14 64 1.735077 8 32 0.433769 96 13.42568663 216 206 14 64 1.735077 9 36 0.487990 100 13.17706280 212 214 14 64 1.735077 10 40 0.542212 104 12.92843897 208 222 14 64 1.735077 11 44 0.596433 108 12.67981515 204 230 14 64 1.735077 12 52 0.704875 116 12.18256749 196 238 14 64 1.735077 13 60 0.813317 124 11.68531984 188 246 14 64 1.735077 14 68 0.921760 132 11.18807219 180 254 14 64 1.735077 15 76 1.030202 140 10.69082454 172 270 14 64 1.735077 17 92 1.247087 156 9.69632923 156 286 14 64 1.735077 19 116 1.572413 180 8.20458627 132 302 14 64 1.735077 21 148 2.006183 212 6.21559566 100 318 14 64 1.735077 23 180 2.439952 244 4.22660505 68 398 14 64 1.735077 25 212 2.873721 276 2.23761444 36 414 14 64 1.735077 27 244 3.307490 308 0.24862383 4 133 13 56 1.518192 0 0 0.000000 56 15.91192489 256 141 13 56 1.518192 1 4 0.054221 60 15.66330106 252 149 13 56 1.518192 2 8 0.108442 64 15.41467724 248 157 13 56 1.518192 3 12 0.162663 68 15.16605341 244 165 13 56 1.518192 4 16 0.216885 72 14.91742958 240 90 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 173 13 56 1.518192 5 20 0.271106 76 14.66880576 236 181 13 56 1.518192 6 24 0.325327 80 14.42018193 232 189 13 56 1.518192 7 28 0.379548 84 14.17155811 228 197 13 56 1.518192 8 32 0.433769 88 13.92293428 224 205 13 56 1.518192 9 36 0.487990 92 13.67431045 220 213 13 56 1.518192 10 40 0.542212 96 13.42568663 216 221 13 56 1.518192 11 44 0.596433 100 13.17706280 212 229 13 56 1.518192 12 52 0.704875 108 12.67981515 204 237 13 56 1.518192 13 60 0.813317 116 12.18256749 196 245 13 56 1.518192 14 68 0.921760 124 11.68531984 188 253 13 56 1.518192 15 76 1.030202 132 11.18807219 180 269 13 56 1.518192 16 84 1.138644 140 10.69082454 172 285 13 56 1.518192 18 100 1.355529 156 9.69632923 156 301 13 56 1.518192 20 132 1.789298 188 7.70733862 124 317 13 56 1.518192 22 164 2.223067 220 5.71834801 92 397 13 56 1.518192 24 196 2.656837 252 3.72935740 60 413 13 56 1.518192 26 228 3.090606 284 1.74036678 28 132 12 48 1.301308 0 0 0.000000 48 16.40917254 264 140 12 48 1.301308 1 4 0.054221 52 16.16054872 260 148 12 48 1.301308 2 8 0.108442 56 15.91192489 256 156 12 48 1.301308 3 12 0.162663 60 15.66330106 252 164 12 48 1.301308 4 16 0.216885 64 15.41467724 248 172 12 48 1.301308 5 20 0.271106 68 15.16605341 244 180 12 48 1.301308 6 24 0.325327 72 14.91742958 240 188 12 48 1.301308 7 28 0.379548 76 14.66880576 236 196 12 48 1.301308 8 32 0.433769 80 14.42018193 232 204 12 48 1.301308 9 36 0.487990 84 14.17155811 228 212 12 48 1.301308 10 40 0.542212 88 13.92293428 224 220 12 48 1.301308 11 44 0.596433 92 13.67431045 220 228 12 48 1.301308 12 52 0.704875 100 13.17706280 212 236 12 48 1.301308 13 60 0.813317 108 12.67981515 204 244 12 48 1.301308 14 68 0.921760 116 12.18256749 196 252 12 48 1.301308 15 76 1.030202 124 11.68531984 188 268 12 48 1.301308 17 92 1.247087 140 10.69082454 172 284 12 48 1.301308 19 116 1.572413 164 9.19908158 148 300 12 48 1.301308 21 148 2.006183 196 7.21009097 116 316 12 48 1.301308 23 180 2.439952 228 5.22110035 84 396 12 48 1.301308 25 212 2.873721 260 3.23210974 52 412 12 48 1.301308 27 244 3.307490 292 1.24311913 20 456 12 48 1.301308 28 260 3.524375 308 0.24862383 4 131 11 40 1.084423 0 0 0.000000 40 16.90642020 272 139 11 40 1.084423 1 4 0.054221 44 16.65779637 268 147 11 40 1.084423 2 8 0.108442 48 16.40917254 264 155 11 40 1.084423 3 12 0.162663 52 16.16054872 260 163 11 40 1.084423 4 16 0.216885 56 15.91192489 256 171 11 40 1.084423 5 20 0.271106 60 15.66330106 252 91 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 179 11 40 1.084423 6 24 0.325327 64 15.41467724 248 187 11 40 1.084423 7 28 0.379548 68 15.16605341 244 195 11 40 1.084423 8 32 0.433769 72 14.91742958 240 203 11 40 1.084423 9 36 0.487990 76 14.66880576 236 211 11 40 1.084423 10 40 0.542212 80 14.42018193 232 219 11 40 1.084423 11 44 0.596433 84 14.17155811 228 227 11 40 1.084423 12 52 0.704875 92 13.67431045 220 235 11 40 1.084423 13 60 0.813317 100 13.17706280 212 243 11 40 1.084423 14 68 0.921760 108 12.67981515 204 251 11 40 1.084423 15 76 1.030202 116 12.18256749 196 267 11 40 1.084423 16 84 1.138644 124 11.68531984 188 283 11 40 1.084423 18 100 1.355529 140 10.69082454 172 299 11 40 1.084423 20 132 1.789298 172 8.70183392 140 315 11 40 1.084423 22 164 2.223067 204 6.71284331 108 395 11 40 1.084423 24 196 2.656837 236 4.72385270 76 411 11 40 1.084423 26 228 3.090606 268 2.73486209 44 130 10 32 0.867538 0 0 0.000000 32 17.40366785 280 138 10 32 0.867538 1 4 0.054221 36 17.15504402 276 146 10 32 0.867538 2 8 0.108442 40 16.90642020 272 154 10 32 0.867538 3 12 0.162663 44 16.65779637 268 162 10 32 0.867538 4 16 0.216885 48 16.40917254 264 170 10 32 0.867538 5 20 0.271106 52 16.16054872 260 178 10 32 0.867538 6 24 0.325327 56 15.91192489 256 186 10 32 0.867538 7 28 0.379548 60 15.66330106 252 194 10 32 0.867538 8 32 0.433769 64 15.41467724 248 202 10 32 0.867538 9 36 0.487990 68 15.16605341 244 210 10 32 0.867538 10 40 0.542212 72 14.91742958 240 218 10 32 0.867538 11 44 0.596433 76 14.66880576 236 226 10 32 0.867538 12 52 0.704875 84 14.17155811 228 234 10 32 0.867538 13 60 0.813317 92 13.67431045 220 242 10 32 0.867538 14 68 0.921760 100 13.17706280 212 250 10 32 0.867538 15 76 1.030202 108 12.67981515 204 266 10 32 0.867538 17 92 1.247087 124 11.68531984 188 282 10 32 0.867538 19 116 1.572413 148 10.19357688 164 298 10 32 0.867538 21 148 2.006183 180 8.20458627 132 314 10 32 0.867538 23 180 2.439952 212 6.21559566 100 394 10 32 0.867538 25 212 2.873721 244 4.22660505 68 410 10 32 0.867538 27 244 3.307490 276 2.23761444 36 455 10 32 0.867538 28 260 3.524375 292 1.24311913 20 129 9 28 0.759096 0 0 0.000000 28 17.65229167 284 137 9 28 0.759096 1 4 0.054221 32 17.40366785 280 145 9 28 0.759096 2 8 0.108442 36 17.15504402 276 153 9 28 0.759096 3 12 0.162663 40 16.90642020 272 161 9 28 0.759096 4 16 0.216885 44 16.65779637 268 169 9 28 0.759096 5 20 0.271106 48 16.40917254 264 177 9 28 0.759096 6 24 0.325327 52 16.16054872 260 92 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 185 9 28 0.759096 7 28 0.379548 56 15.91192489 256 193 9 28 0.759096 8 32 0.433769 60 15.66330106 252 201 9 28 0.759096 9 36 0.487990 64 15.41467724 248 209 9 28 0.759096 10 40 0.542212 68 15.16605341 244 217 9 28 0.759096 11 44 0.596433 72 14.91742958 240 225 9 28 0.759096 12 52 0.704875 80 14.42018193 232 233 9 28 0.759096 13 60 0.813317 88 13.92293428 224 241 9 28 0.759096 14 68 0.921760 96 13.42568663 216 249 9 28 0.759096 15 76 1.030202 104 12.92843897 208 265 9 28 0.759096 16 84 1.138644 112 12.43119132 200 281 9 28 0.759096 18 100 1.355529 128 11.43669601 184 297 9 28 0.759096 20 132 1.789298 160 9.44770540 152 313 9 28 0.759096 22 164 2.223067 192 7.45871479 120 393 9 28 0.759096 24 196 2.656837 224 5.46972418 88 409 9 28 0.759096 26 228 3.090606 256 3.48073357 56 454 9 28 0.759096 29 276 3.741260 304 0.49724765 8 128 8 24 0.650654 0 0 0.000000 24 17.90091550 288 136 8 24 0.650654 1 4 0.054221 28 17.65229167 284 144 8 24 0.650654 2 8 0.108442 32 17.40366785 280 152 8 24 0.650654 3 12 0.162663 36 17.15504402 276 160 8 24 0.650654 4 16 0.216885 40 16.90642020 272 168 8 24 0.650654 5 20 0.271106 44 16.65779637 268 176 8 24 0.650654 6 24 0.325327 48 16.40917254 264 184 8 24 0.650654 7 28 0.379548 52 16.16054872 260 192 8 24 0.650654 8 32 0.433769 56 15.91192489 256 200 8 24 0.650654 9 36 0.487990 60 15.66330106 252 208 8 24 0.650654 10 40 0.542212 64 15.41467724 248 216 8 24 0.650654 11 44 0.596433 68 15.16605341 244 224 8 24 0.650654 12 52 0.704875 76 14.66880576 236 232 8 24 0.650654 13 60 0.813317 84 14.17155811 228 240 8 24 0.650654 14 68 0.921760 92 13.67431045 220 248 8 24 0.650654 15 76 1.030202 100 13.17706280 212 264 8 24 0.650654 17 92 1.247087 116 12.18256749 196 280 8 24 0.650654 19 116 1.572413 140 10.69082454 172 296 8 24 0.650654 21 148 2.006183 172 8.70183392 140 312 8 24 0.650654 23 180 2.439952 204 6.71284331 108 392 8 24 0.650654 25 212 2.873721 236 4.72385270 76 408 8 24 0.650654 27 244 3.307490 268 2.73486209 44 7 7 20 0.542212 0 0 0.000000 20 18.14953933 292 15 7 20 0.542212 1 4 0.054221 24 17.90091550 288 23 7 20 0.542212 2 8 0.108442 28 17.65229167 284 31 7 20 0.542212 3 12 0.162663 32 17.40366785 280 39 7 20 0.542212 4 16 0.216885 36 17.15504402 276 47 7 20 0.542212 5 20 0.271106 40 16.90642020 272 55 7 20 0.542212 6 24 0.325327 44 16.65779637 268 63 7 20 0.542212 7 28 0.379548 48 16.40917254 264 93 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 71 7 20 0.542212 8 32 0.433769 52 16.16054872 260 79 7 20 0.542212 9 36 0.487990 56 15.91192489 256 87 7 20 0.542212 10 40 0.542212 60 15.66330106 252 95 7 20 0.542212 11 44 0.596433 64 15.41467724 248 103 7 20 0.542212 12 52 0.704875 72 14.91742958 240 111 7 20 0.542212 13 60 0.813317 80 14.42018193 232 119 7 20 0.542212 14 68 0.921760 88 13.92293428 224 127 7 20 0.542212 15 76 1.030202 96 13.42568663 216 263 7 20 0.542212 16 84 1.138644 104 12.92843897 208 279 7 20 0.542212 18 100 1.355529 120 11.93394367 192 295 7 20 0.542212 20 132 1.789298 152 9.94495306 160 311 7 20 0.542212 22 164 2.223067 184 7.95596245 128 391 7 20 0.542212 24 196 2.656837 216 5.96697183 96 407 7 20 0.542212 26 228 3.090606 248 3.97798122 64 453 7 20 0.542212 28 260 3.524375 280 1.98899061 32 6 6 16 0.433769 0 0 0.000000 16 18.39816315 296 14 6 16 0.433769 1 4 0.054221 20 18.14953933 292 22 6 16 0.433769 2 8 0.108442 24 17.90091550 288 30 6 16 0.433769 3 12 0.162663 28 17.65229167 284 38 6 16 0.433769 4 16 0.216885 32 17.40366785 280 46 6 16 0.433769 5 20 0.271106 36 17.15504402 276 54 6 16 0.433769 6 24 0.325327 40 16.90642020 272 62 6 16 0.433769 7 28 0.379548 44 16.65779637 268 70 6 16 0.433769 8 32 0.433769 48 16.40917254 264 78 6 16 0.433769 9 36 0.487990 52 16.16054872 260 86 6 16 0.433769 10 40 0.542212 56 15.91192489 256 94 6 16 0.433769 11 44 0.596433 60 15.66330106 252 102 6 16 0.433769 12 52 0.704875 68 15.16605341 244 110 6 16 0.433769 13 60 0.813317 76 14.66880576 236 118 6 16 0.433769 14 68 0.921760 84 14.17155811 228 126 6 16 0.433769 15 76 1.030202 92 13.67431045 220 262 6 16 0.433769 17 92 1.247087 108 12.67981515 204 278 6 16 0.433769 19 116 1.572413 132 11.18807219 180 294 6 16 0.433769 21 148 2.006183 164 9.19908158 148 310 6 16 0.433769 23 180 2.439952 196 7.21009097 116 390 6 16 0.433769 25 212 2.873721 228 5.22110035 84 406 6 16 0.433769 27 244 3.307490 260 3.23210974 52 452 6 16 0.433769 29 276 3.741260 292 1.24311913 20 5 5 12 0.325327 0 0 0.000000 12 18.64678698 300 13 5 12 0.325327 1 4 0.054221 16 18.39816315 296 21 5 12 0.325327 2 8 0.108442 20 18.14953933 292 29 5 12 0.325327 3 12 0.162663 24 17.90091550 288 37 5 12 0.325327 4 16 0.216885 28 17.65229167 284 45 5 12 0.325327 5 20 0.271106 32 17.40366785 280 53 5 12 0.325327 6 24 0.325327 36 17.15504402 276 61 5 12 0.325327 7 28 0.379548 40 16.90642020 272 94 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 69 5 12 0.325327 8 32 0.433769 44 16.65779637 268 77 5 12 0.325327 9 36 0.487990 48 16.40917254 264 85 5 12 0.325327 10 40 0.542212 52 16.16054872 260 93 5 12 0.325327 11 44 0.596433 56 15.91192489 256 101 5 12 0.325327 12 52 0.704875 64 15.41467724 248 109 5 12 0.325327 13 60 0.813317 72 14.91742958 240 117 5 12 0.325327 14 68 0.921760 80 14.42018193 232 125 5 12 0.325327 15 76 1.030202 88 13.92293428 224 261 5 12 0.325327 16 84 1.138644 96 13.42568663 216 277 5 12 0.325327 18 100 1.355529 112 12.43119132 200 293 5 12 0.325327 20 132 1.789298 144 10.44220071 168 309 5 12 0.325327 22 164 2.223067 176 8.45321010 136 389 5 12 0.325327 24 196 2.656837 208 6.46421949 104 405 5 12 0.325327 26 228 3.090606 240 4.47522888 72 459 5 12 0.325327 30 292 3.958144 304 0.49724765 8 4 4 8 0.216885 0 0 0.000000 8 18.89541081 304 12 4 8 0.216885 1 4 0.054221 12 18.64678698 300 20 4 8 0.216885 2 8 0.108442 16 18.39816315 296 28 4 8 0.216885 3 12 0.162663 20 18.14953933 292 36 4 8 0.216885 4 16 0.216885 24 17.90091550 288 44 4 8 0.216885 5 20 0.271106 28 17.65229167 284 52 4 8 0.216885 6 24 0.325327 32 17.40366785 280 60 4 8 0.216885 7 28 0.379548 36 17.15504402 276 68 4 8 0.216885 8 32 0.433769 40 16.90642020 272 76 4 8 0.216885 9 36 0.487990 44 16.65779637 268 84 4 8 0.216885 10 40 0.542212 48 16.40917254 264 92 4 8 0.216885 11 44 0.596433 52 16.16054872 260 100 4 8 0.216885 12 52 0.704875 60 15.66330106 252 108 4 8 0.216885 13 60 0.813317 68 15.16605341 244 116 4 8 0.216885 14 68 0.921760 76 14.66880576 236 124 4 8 0.216885 15 76 1.030202 84 14.17155811 228 260 4 8 0.216885 17 92 1.247087 100 13.17706280 212 276 4 8 0.216885 19 116 1.572413 124 11.68531984 188 292 4 8 0.216885 21 148 2.006183 156 9.69632923 156 308 4 8 0.216885 23 180 2.439952 188 7.70733862 124 388 4 8 0.216885 25 212 2.873721 220 5.71834801 92 404 4 8 0.216885 27 244 3.307490 252 3.72935740 60 451 4 8 0.216885 28 260 3.524375 268 2.73486209 44 3 3 6 0.162663 0 0 0.000000 6 19.01972272 306 11 3 6 0.162663 1 4 0.054221 10 18.77109889 302 19 3 6 0.162663 2 8 0.108442 14 18.52247507 298 27 3 6 0.162663 3 12 0.162663 18 18.27385124 294 35 3 6 0.162663 4 16 0.216885 22 18.02522741 290 43 3 6 0.162663 5 20 0.271106 26 17.77660359 286 51 3 6 0.162663 6 24 0.325327 30 17.52797976 282 59 3 6 0.162663 7 28 0.379548 34 17.27935594 278 95 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 67 3 6 0.162663 8 32 0.433769 38 17.03073211 274 75 3 6 0.162663 9 36 0.487990 42 16.78210828 270 83 3 6 0.162663 10 40 0.542212 46 16.53348446 266 91 3 6 0.162663 11 44 0.596433 50 16.28486063 262 99 3 6 0.162663 12 52 0.704875 58 15.78761298 254 107 3 6 0.162663 13 60 0.813317 66 15.29036532 246 115 3 6 0.162663 14 68 0.921760 74 14.79311767 238 123 3 6 0.162663 15 76 1.030202 82 14.29587002 230 259 3 6 0.162663 16 84 1.138644 90 13.79862237 222 275 3 6 0.162663 18 100 1.355529 106 12.80412706 206 291 3 6 0.162663 20 132 1.789298 138 10.81513645 174 307 3 6 0.162663 22 164 2.223067 170 8.82614584 142 387 3 6 0.162663 24 196 2.656837 202 6.83715523 110 403 3 6 0.162663 26 228 3.090606 234 4.84816461 78 450 3 6 0.162663 29 276 3.741260 282 1.86467870 30 2 2 4 0.108442 0 0 0.000000 4 19.14403463 308 10 2 4 0.108442 1 4 0.054221 8 18.89541081 304 18 2 4 0.108442 2 8 0.108442 12 18.64678698 300 26 2 4 0.108442 3 12 0.162663 16 18.39816315 296 34 2 4 0.108442 4 16 0.216885 20 18.14953933 292 42 2 4 0.108442 5 20 0.271106 24 17.90091550 288 50 2 4 0.108442 6 24 0.325327 28 17.65229167 284 58 2 4 0.108442 7 28 0.379548 32 17.40366785 280 66 2 4 0.108442 8 32 0.433769 36 17.15504402 276 74 2 4 0.108442 9 36 0.487990 40 16.90642020 272 82 2 4 0.108442 10 40 0.542212 44 16.65779637 268 90 2 4 0.108442 11 44 0.596433 48 16.40917254 264 98 2 4 0.108442 12 52 0.704875 56 15.91192489 256 106 2 4 0.108442 13 60 0.813317 64 15.41467724 248 114 2 4 0.108442 14 68 0.921760 72 14.91742958 240 122 2 4 0.108442 15 76 1.030202 80 14.42018193 232 258 2 4 0.108442 17 92 1.247087 96 13.42568663 216 274 2 4 0.108442 19 116 1.572413 120 11.93394367 192 290 2 4 0.108442 21 148 2.006183 152 9.94495306 160 306 2 4 0.108442 23 180 2.439952 184 7.95596245 128 386 2 4 0.108442 25 212 2.873721 216 5.96697183 96 402 2 4 0.108442 27 244 3.307490 248 3.97798122 64 458 2 4 0.108442 30 292 3.958144 296 0.99449531 16 1 1 2 0.054221 0 0 0.000000 2 19.26834655 310 9 1 2 0.054221 1 4 0.054221 6 19.01972272 306 17 1 2 0.054221 2 8 0.108442 10 18.77109889 302 25 1 2 0.054221 3 12 0.162663 14 18.52247507 298 33 1 2 0.054221 4 16 0.216885 18 18.27385124 294 41 1 2 0.054221 5 20 0.271106 22 18.02522741 290 49 1 2 0.054221 6 24 0.325327 26 17.77660359 286 57 1 2 0.054221 7 28 0.379548 30 17.52797976 282 96 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 65 1 2 0.054221 8 32 0.433769 34 17.27935594 278 73 1 2 0.054221 9 36 0.487990 38 17.03073211 274 81 1 2 0.054221 10 40 0.542212 42 16.78210828 270 89 1 2 0.054221 11 44 0.596433 46 16.53348446 266 97 1 2 0.054221 12 52 0.704875 54 16.03623680 258 105 1 2 0.054221 13 60 0.813317 62 15.53898915 250 113 1 2 0.054221 14 68 0.921760 70 15.04174150 242 121 1 2 0.054221 15 76 1.030202 78 14.54449384 234 257 1 2 0.054221 16 84 1.138644 86 14.04724619 226 273 1 2 0.054221 18 100 1.355529 102 13.05275089 210 289 1 2 0.054221 20 132 1.789298 134 11.06376028 178 305 1 2 0.054221 22 164 2.223067 166 9.07476966 146 385 1 2 0.054221 24 196 2.656837 198 7.08577905 114 401 1 2 0.054221 26 228 3.090606 230 5.09678844 82 449 1 2 0.054221 28 260 3.524375 262 3.10779783 50 0 0 0 0.000000 0 0 0.000000 0 19.39265846 312 8 0 0 0.000000 1 4 0.054221 4 19.14403463 308 16 0 0 0.000000 2 8 0.108442 8 18.89541081 304 24 0 0 0.000000 3 12 0.162663 12 18.64678698 300 32 0 0 0.000000 4 16 0.216885 16 18.39816315 296 40 0 0 0.000000 5 20 0.271106 20 18.14953933 292 48 0 0 0.000000 6 24 0.325327 24 17.90091550 288 56 0 0 0.000000 7 28 0.379548 28 17.65229167 284 64 0 0 0.000000 8 32 0.433769 32 17.40366785 280 72 0 0 0.000000 9 36 0.487990 36 17.15504402 276 80 0 0 0.000000 10 40 0.542212 40 16.90642020 272 88 0 0 0.000000 11 44 0.596433 44 16.65779637 268 96 0 0 0.000000 12 52 0.704875 52 16.16054872 260 104 0 0 0.000000 13 60 0.813317 60 15.66330106 252 112 0 0 0.000000 14 68 0.921760 68 15.16605341 244 120 0 0 0.000000 15 76 1.030202 76 14.66880576 236 256 0 0 0.000000 17 92 1.247087 92 13.67431045 220 272 0 0 0.000000 19 116 1.572413 116 12.18256749 196 288 0 0 0.000000 21 148 2.006183 148 10.19357688 164 304 0 0 0.000000 23 180 2.439952 180 8.20458627 132 384 0 0 0.000000 25 212 2.873721 212 6.21559566 100 400 0 0 0.000000 27 244 3.307490 244 4.22660505 68 448 0 0 0.000000 29 276 3.741260 276 2.23761444 36 457 0 0 0.000000 31 312 4.229250 312 0.00000000 0 Table A4 Sorted by 1/4 Bit Rate 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 457 0 0 0.000000 31 312 4.229250 312 0.00000000 0 458 2 4 0.108442 30 292 3.958144 296 0.99449531 16 459 5 12 0.325327 30 292 3.958144 304 0.49724765 8 97 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 448 0 0 0.000000 29 276 3.741260 276 2.23761444 36 450 3 6 0.162663 29 276 3.741260 282 1.86467870 30 452 6 16 0.433769 29 276 3.741260 292 1.24311913 20 454 9 28 0.759096 29 276 3.741260 304 0.49724765 8 449 1 2 0.054221 28 260 3.524375 262 3.10779783 50 451 4 8 0.216885 28 260 3.524375 268 2.73486209 44 453 7 20 0.542212 28 260 3.524375 280 1.98899061 32 455 10 32 0.867538 28 260 3.524375 292 1.24311913 20 456 12 48 1.301308 28 260 3.524375 308 0.24862383 4 400 0 0 0.000000 27 244 3.307490 244 4.22660505 68 402 2 4 0.108442 27 244 3.307490 248 3.97798122 64 404 4 8 0.216885 27 244 3.307490 252 3.72935740 60 406 6 16 0.433769 27 244 3.307490 260 3.23210974 52 408 8 24 0.650654 27 244 3.307490 268 2.73486209 44 410 10 32 0.867538 27 244 3.307490 276 2.23761444 36 412 12 48 1.301308 27 244 3.307490 292 1.24311913 20 414 14 64 1.735077 27 244 3.307490 308 0.24862383 4 401 1 2 0.054221 26 228 3.090606 230 5.09678844 82 403 3 6 0.162663 26 228 3.090606 234 4.84816461 78 405 5 12 0.325327 26 228 3.090606 240 4.47522888 72 407 7 20 0.542212 26 228 3.090606 248 3.97798122 64 409 9 28 0.759096 26 228 3.090606 256 3.48073357 56 411 11 40 1.084423 26 228 3.090606 268 2.73486209 44 413 13 56 1.518192 26 228 3.090606 284 1.74036678 28 415 15 72 1.951962 26 228 3.090606 300 0.74587148 12 469 16 80 2.168846 26 228 3.090606 308 0.24862383 4 384 0 0 0.000000 25 212 2.873721 212 6.21559566 100 386 2 4 0.108442 25 212 2.873721 216 5.96697183 96 388 4 8 0.216885 25 212 2.873721 220 5.71834801 92 390 6 16 0.433769 25 212 2.873721 228 5.22110035 84 392 8 24 0.650654 25 212 2.873721 236 4.72385270 76 394 10 32 0.867538 25 212 2.873721 244 4.22660505 68 396 12 48 1.301308 25 212 2.873721 260 3.23210974 52 398 14 64 1.735077 25 212 2.873721 276 2.23761444 36 468 16 80 2.168846 25 212 2.873721 292 1.24311913 20 476 18 96 2.602615 25 212 2.873721 308 0.24862383 4 385 1 2 0.054221 24 196 2.656837 198 7.08577905 114 387 3 6 0.162663 24 196 2.656837 202 6.83715523 110 389 5 12 0.325327 24 196 2.656837 208 6.46421949 104 391 7 20 0.542212 24 196 2.656837 216 5.96697183 96 393 9 28 0.759096 24 196 2.656837 224 5.46972418 88 395 11 40 1.084423 24 196 2.656837 236 4.72385270 76 397 13 56 1.518192 24 196 2.656837 252 3.72935740 60 399 15 72 1.951962 24 196 2.656837 268 2.73486209 44 467 17 88 2.385731 24 196 2.656837 284 1.74036678 28 475 19 112 3.036385 24 196 2.656837 308 0.24862383 4 98 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 304 0 0 0.000000 23 180 2.439952 180 8.20458627 132 306 2 4 0.108442 23 180 2.439952 184 7.95596245 128 308 4 8 0.216885 23 180 2.439952 188 7.70733862 124 310 6 16 0.433769 23 180 2.439952 196 7.21009097 116 312 8 24 0.650654 23 180 2.439952 204 6.71284331 108 314 10 32 0.867538 23 180 2.439952 212 6.21559566 100 316 12 48 1.301308 23 180 2.439952 228 5.22110035 84 318 14 64 1.735077 23 180 2.439952 244 4.22660505 68 466 16 80 2.168846 23 180 2.439952 260 3.23210974 52 474 18 96 2.602615 23 180 2.439952 276 2.23761444 36 479 20 128 3.470154 23 180 2.439952 308 0.24862383 4 305 1 2 0.054221 22 164 2.223067 166 9.07476966 146 307 3 6 0.162663 22 164 2.223067 170 8.82614584 142 309 5 12 0.325327 22 164 2.223067 176 8.45321010 136 311 7 20 0.542212 22 164 2.223067 184 7.95596245 128 313 9 28 0.759096 22 164 2.223067 192 7.45871479 120 315 11 40 1.084423 22 164 2.223067 204 6.71284331 108 317 13 56 1.518192 22 164 2.223067 220 5.71834801 92 319 15 72 1.951962 22 164 2.223067 236 4.72385270 76 465 17 88 2.385731 22 164 2.223067 252 3.72935740 60 473 19 112 3.036385 22 164 2.223067 276 2.23761444 36 478 21 144 3.903923 22 164 2.223067 308 0.24862383 4 288 0 0 0.000000 21 148 2.006183 148 10.19357688 164 290 2 4 0.108442 21 148 2.006183 152 9.94495306 160 292 4 8 0.216885 21 148 2.006183 156 9.69632923 156 294 6 16 0.433769 21 148 2.006183 164 9.19908158 148 296 8 24 0.650654 21 148 2.006183 172 8.70183392 140 298 10 32 0.867538 21 148 2.006183 180 8.20458627 132 300 12 48 1.301308 21 148 2.006183 196 7.21009097 116 302 14 64 1.735077 21 148 2.006183 212 6.21559566 100 464 16 80 2.168846 21 148 2.006183 228 5.22110035 84 472 18 96 2.602615 21 148 2.006183 244 4.22660505 68 477 20 128 3.470154 21 148 2.006183 276 2.23761444 36 510 22 160 4.337692 21 148 2.006183 308 0.24862383 4 289 1 2 0.054221 20 132 1.789298 134 11.06376028 178 291 3 6 0.162663 20 132 1.789298 138 10.81513645 174 293 5 12 0.325327 20 132 1.789298 144 10.44220071 168 295 7 20 0.542212 20 132 1.789298 152 9.94495306 160 297 9 28 0.759096 20 132 1.789298 160 9.44770540 152 299 11 40 1.084423 20 132 1.789298 172 8.70183392 140 301 13 56 1.518192 20 132 1.789298 188 7.70733862 124 303 15 72 1.951962 20 132 1.789298 204 6.71284331 108 463 17 88 2.385731 20 132 1.789298 220 5.71834801 92 471 19 112 3.036385 20 132 1.789298 244 4.22660505 68 509 21 144 3.903923 20 132 1.789298 276 2.23761444 36 511 23 176 4.771462 20 132 1.789298 308 0.24862383 4 99 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 272 0 0 0.000000 19 116 1.572413 116 12.18256749 196 274 2 4 0.108442 19 116 1.572413 120 11.93394367 192 276 4 8 0.216885 19 116 1.572413 124 11.68531984 188 278 6 16 0.433769 19 116 1.572413 132 11.18807219 180 280 8 24 0.650654 19 116 1.572413 140 10.69082454 172 282 10 32 0.867538 19 116 1.572413 148 10.19357688 164 284 12 48 1.301308 19 116 1.572413 164 9.19908158 148 286 14 64 1.735077 19 116 1.572413 180 8.20458627 132 462 16 80 2.168846 19 116 1.572413 196 7.21009097 116 470 18 96 2.602615 19 116 1.572413 212 6.21559566 100 503 20 128 3.470154 19 116 1.572413 244 4.22660505 68 505 22 160 4.337692 19 116 1.572413 276 2.23761444 36 507 24 192 5.205231 19 116 1.572413 308 0.24862383 4 273 1 2 0.054221 18 100 1.355529 102 13.05275089 210 275 3 6 0.162663 18 100 1.355529 106 12.80412706 206 277 5 12 0.325327 18 100 1.355529 112 12.43119132 200 279 7 20 0.542212 18 100 1.355529 120 11.93394367 192 281 9 28 0.759096 18 100 1.355529 128 11.43669601 184 283 11 40 1.084423 18 100 1.355529 140 10.69082454 172 285 13 56 1.518192 18 100 1.355529 156 9.69632923 156 287 15 72 1.951962 18 100 1.355529 172 8.70183392 140 461 17 88 2.385731 18 100 1.355529 188 7.70733862 124 502 19 112 3.036385 18 100 1.355529 212 6.21559566 100 504 21 144 3.903923 18 100 1.355529 244 4.22660505 68 506 23 176 4.771462 18 100 1.355529 276 2.23761444 36 508 25 208 5.639000 18 100 1.355529 308 0.24862383 4 256 0 0 0.000000 17 92 1.247087 92 13.67431045 220 258 2 4 0.108442 17 92 1.247087 96 13.42568663 216 260 4 8 0.216885 17 92 1.247087 100 13.17706280 212 262 6 16 0.433769 17 92 1.247087 108 12.67981515 204 264 8 24 0.650654 17 92 1.247087 116 12.18256749 196 266 10 32 0.867538 17 92 1.247087 124 11.68531984 188 268 12 48 1.301308 17 92 1.247087 140 10.69082454 172 270 14 64 1.735077 17 92 1.247087 156 9.69632923 156 460 16 80 2.168846 17 92 1.247087 172 8.70183392 140 493 18 96 2.602615 17 92 1.247087 188 7.70733862 124 495 20 128 3.470154 17 92 1.247087 220 5.71834801 92 497 22 160 4.337692 17 92 1.247087 252 3.72935740 60 499 24 192 5.205231 17 92 1.247087 284 1.74036678 28 257 1 2 0.054221 16 84 1.138644 86 14.04724619 226 259 3 6 0.162663 16 84 1.138644 90 13.79862237 222 261 5 12 0.325327 16 84 1.138644 96 13.42568663 216 263 7 20 0.542212 16 84 1.138644 104 12.92843897 208 265 9 28 0.759096 16 84 1.138644 112 12.43119132 200 267 11 40 1.084423 16 84 1.138644 124 11.68531984 188 269 13 56 1.518192 16 84 1.138644 140 10.69082454 172 100 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 271 15 72 1.951962 16 84 1.138644 156 9.69632923 156 492 17 88 2.385731 16 84 1.138644 172 8.70183392 140 494 19 112 3.036385 16 84 1.138644 196 7.21009097 116 496 21 144 3.903923 16 84 1.138644 228 5.22110035 84 498 23 176 4.771462 16 84 1.138644 260 3.23210974 52 500 25 208 5.639000 16 84 1.138644 292 1.24311913 20 501 26 224 6.072769 16 84 1.138644 308 0.24862383 4 120 0 0 0.000000 15 76 1.030202 76 14.66880576 236 121 1 2 0.054221 15 76 1.030202 78 14.54449384 234 122 2 4 0.108442 15 76 1.030202 80 14.42018193 232 123 3 6 0.162663 15 76 1.030202 82 14.29587002 230 124 4 8 0.216885 15 76 1.030202 84 14.17155811 228 125 5 12 0.325327 15 76 1.030202 88 13.92293428 224 126 6 16 0.433769 15 76 1.030202 92 13.67431045 220 127 7 20 0.542212 15 76 1.030202 96 13.42568663 216 248 8 24 0.650654 15 76 1.030202 100 13.17706280 212 249 9 28 0.759096 15 76 1.030202 104 12.92843897 208 250 10 32 0.867538 15 76 1.030202 108 12.67981515 204 251 11 40 1.084423 15 76 1.030202 116 12.18256749 196 252 12 48 1.301308 15 76 1.030202 124 11.68531984 188 253 13 56 1.518192 15 76 1.030202 132 11.18807219 180 254 14 64 1.735077 15 76 1.030202 140 10.69082454 172 255 15 72 1.951962 15 76 1.030202 148 10.19357688 164 335 16 80 2.168846 15 76 1.030202 156 9.69632923 156 351 18 96 2.602615 15 76 1.030202 172 8.70183392 140 367 20 128 3.470154 15 76 1.030202 204 6.71284331 108 383 22 160 4.337692 15 76 1.030202 236 4.72385270 76 431 24 192 5.205231 15 76 1.030202 268 2.73486209 44 447 26 224 6.072769 15 76 1.030202 300 0.74587148 12 112 0 0 0.000000 14 68 0.921760 68 15.16605341 244 113 1 2 0.054221 14 68 0.921760 70 15.04174150 242 114 2 4 0.108442 14 68 0.921760 72 14.91742958 240 115 3 6 0.162663 14 68 0.921760 74 14.79311767 238 116 4 8 0.216885 14 68 0.921760 76 14.66880576 236 117 5 12 0.325327 14 68 0.921760 80 14.42018193 232 118 6 16 0.433769 14 68 0.921760 84 14.17155811 228 119 7 20 0.542212 14 68 0.921760 88 13.92293428 224 240 8 24 0.650654 14 68 0.921760 92 13.67431045 220 241 9 28 0.759096 14 68 0.921760 96 13.42568663 216 242 10 32 0.867538 14 68 0.921760 100 13.17706280 212 243 11 40 1.084423 14 68 0.921760 108 12.67981515 204 244 12 48 1.301308 14 68 0.921760 116 12.18256749 196 245 13 56 1.518192 14 68 0.921760 124 11.68531984 188 246 14 64 1.735077 14 68 0.921760 132 11.18807219 180 247 15 72 1.951962 14 68 0.921760 140 10.69082454 172 334 17 88 2.385731 14 68 0.921760 156 9.69632923 156 101 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 350 19 112 3.036385 14 68 0.921760 180 8.20458627 132 366 21 144 3.903923 14 68 0.921760 212 6.21559566 100 382 23 176 4.771462 14 68 0.921760 244 4.22660505 68 430 25 208 5.639000 14 68 0.921760 276 2.23761444 36 446 27 240 6.506538 14 68 0.921760 308 0.24862383 4 104 0 0 0.000000 13 60 0.813317 60 15.66330106 252 105 1 2 0.054221 13 60 0.813317 62 15.53898915 250 106 2 4 0.108442 13 60 0.813317 64 15.41467724 248 107 3 6 0.162663 13 60 0.813317 66 15.29036532 246 108 4 8 0.216885 13 60 0.813317 68 15.16605341 244 109 5 12 0.325327 13 60 0.813317 72 14.91742958 240 110 6 16 0.433769 13 60 0.813317 76 14.66880576 236 111 7 20 0.542212 13 60 0.813317 80 14.42018193 232 232 8 24 0.650654 13 60 0.813317 84 14.17155811 228 233 9 28 0.759096 13 60 0.813317 88 13.92293428 224 234 10 32 0.867538 13 60 0.813317 92 13.67431045 220 235 11 40 1.084423 13 60 0.813317 100 13.17706280 212 236 12 48 1.301308 13 60 0.813317 108 12.67981515 204 237 13 56 1.518192 13 60 0.813317 116 12.18256749 196 238 14 64 1.735077 13 60 0.813317 124 11.68531984 188 239 15 72 1.951962 13 60 0.813317 132 11.18807219 180 333 16 80 2.168846 13 60 0.813317 140 10.69082454 172 349 18 96 2.602615 13 60 0.813317 156 9.69632923 156 365 20 128 3.470154 13 60 0.813317 188 7.70733862 124 381 22 160 4.337692 13 60 0.813317 220 5.71834801 92 429 24 192 5.205231 13 60 0.813317 252 3.72935740 60 445 26 224 6.072769 13 60 0.813317 284 1.74036678 28 96 0 0 0.000000 12 52 0.704875 52 16.16054872 260 97 1 2 0.054221 12 52 0.704875 54 16.03623680 258 98 2 4 0.108442 12 52 0.704875 56 15.91192489 256 99 3 6 0.162663 12 52 0.704875 58 15.78761298 254 100 4 8 0.216885 12 52 0.704875 60 15.66330106 252 101 5 12 0.325327 12 52 0.704875 64 15.41467724 248 102 6 16 0.433769 12 52 0.704875 68 15.16605341 244 103 7 20 0.542212 12 52 0.704875 72 14.91742958 240 224 8 24 0.650654 12 52 0.704875 76 14.66880576 236 225 9 28 0.759096 12 52 0.704875 80 14.42018193 232 226 10 32 0.867538 12 52 0.704875 84 14.17155811 228 227 11 40 1.084423 12 52 0.704875 92 13.67431045 220 228 12 48 1.301308 12 52 0.704875 100 13.17706280 212 229 13 56 1.518192 12 52 0.704875 108 12.67981515 204 230 14 64 1.735077 12 52 0.704875 116 12.18256749 196 231 15 72 1.951962 12 52 0.704875 124 11.68531984 188 332 17 88 2.385731 12 52 0.704875 140 10.69082454 172 348 19 112 3.036385 12 52 0.704875 164 9.19908158 148 364 21 144 3.903923 12 52 0.704875 196 7.21009097 116 102 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 380 23 176 4.771462 12 52 0.704875 228 5.22110035 84 428 25 208 5.639000 12 52 0.704875 260 3.23210974 52 444 27 240 6.506538 12 52 0.704875 292 1.24311913 20 488 28 256 6.940308 12 52 0.704875 308 0.24862383 4 88 0 0 0.000000 11 44 0.596433 44 16.65779637 268 89 1 2 0.054221 11 44 0.596433 46 16.53348446 266 90 2 4 0.108442 11 44 0.596433 48 16.40917254 264 91 3 6 0.162663 11 44 0.596433 50 16.28486063 262 92 4 8 0.216885 11 44 0.596433 52 16.16054872 260 93 5 12 0.325327 11 44 0.596433 56 15.91192489 256 94 6 16 0.433769 11 44 0.596433 60 15.66330106 252 95 7 20 0.542212 11 44 0.596433 64 15.41467724 248 216 8 24 0.650654 11 44 0.596433 68 15.16605341 244 217 9 28 0.759096 11 44 0.596433 72 14.91742958 240 218 10 32 0.867538 11 44 0.596433 76 14.66880576 236 219 11 40 1.084423 11 44 0.596433 84 14.17155811 228 220 12 48 1.301308 11 44 0.596433 92 13.67431045 220 221 13 56 1.518192 11 44 0.596433 100 13.17706280 212 222 14 64 1.735077 11 44 0.596433 108 12.67981515 204 223 15 72 1.951962 11 44 0.596433 116 12.18256749 196 331 16 80 2.168846 11 44 0.596433 124 11.68531984 188 347 18 96 2.602615 11 44 0.596433 140 10.69082454 172 363 20 128 3.470154 11 44 0.596433 172 8.70183392 140 379 22 160 4.337692 11 44 0.596433 204 6.71284331 108 427 24 192 5.205231 11 44 0.596433 236 4.72385270 76 443 26 224 6.072769 11 44 0.596433 268 2.73486209 44 80 0 0 0.000000 10 40 0.542212 40 16.90642020 272 81 1 2 0.054221 10 40 0.542212 42 16.78210828 270 82 2 4 0.108442 10 40 0.542212 44 16.65779637 268 83 3 6 0.162663 10 40 0.542212 46 16.53348446 266 84 4 8 0.216885 10 40 0.542212 48 16.40917254 264 85 5 12 0.325327 10 40 0.542212 52 16.16054872 260 86 6 16 0.433769 10 40 0.542212 56 15.91192489 256 87 7 20 0.542212 10 40 0.542212 60 15.66330106 252 208 8 24 0.650654 10 40 0.542212 64 15.41467724 248 209 9 28 0.759096 10 40 0.542212 68 15.16605341 244 210 10 32 0.867538 10 40 0.542212 72 14.91742958 240 211 11 40 1.084423 10 40 0.542212 80 14.42018193 232 212 12 48 1.301308 10 40 0.542212 88 13.92293428 224 213 13 56 1.518192 10 40 0.542212 96 13.42568663 216 214 14 64 1.735077 10 40 0.542212 104 12.92843897 208 215 15 72 1.951962 10 40 0.542212 112 12.43119132 200 330 17 88 2.385731 10 40 0.542212 128 11.43669601 184 346 19 112 3.036385 10 40 0.542212 152 9.94495306 160 362 21 144 3.903923 10 40 0.542212 184 7.95596245 128 378 23 176 4.771462 10 40 0.542212 216 5.96697183 96 103 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 426 25 208 5.639000 10 40 0.542212 248 3.97798122 64 442 27 240 6.506538 10 40 0.542212 280 1.98899061 32 487 28 256 6.940308 10 40 0.542212 296 0.99449531 16 72 0 0 0.000000 9 36 0.487990 36 17.15504402 276 73 1 2 0.054221 9 36 0.487990 38 17.03073211 274 74 2 4 0.108442 9 36 0.487990 40 16.90642020 272 75 3 6 0.162663 9 36 0.487990 42 16.78210828 270 76 4 8 0.216885 9 36 0.487990 44 16.65779637 268 77 5 12 0.325327 9 36 0.487990 48 16.40917254 264 78 6 16 0.433769 9 36 0.487990 52 16.16054872 260 79 7 20 0.542212 9 36 0.487990 56 15.91192489 256 200 8 24 0.650654 9 36 0.487990 60 15.66330106 252 201 9 28 0.759096 9 36 0.487990 64 15.41467724 248 202 10 32 0.867538 9 36 0.487990 68 15.16605341 244 203 11 40 1.084423 9 36 0.487990 76 14.66880576 236 204 12 48 1.301308 9 36 0.487990 84 14.17155811 228 205 13 56 1.518192 9 36 0.487990 92 13.67431045 220 206 14 64 1.735077 9 36 0.487990 100 13.17706280 212 207 15 72 1.951962 9 36 0.487990 108 12.67981515 204 329 16 80 2.168846 9 36 0.487990 116 12.18256749 196 345 18 96 2.602615 9 36 0.487990 132 11.18807219 180 361 20 128 3.470154 9 36 0.487990 164 9.19908158 148 377 22 160 4.337692 9 36 0.487990 196 7.21009097 116 425 24 192 5.205231 9 36 0.487990 228 5.22110035 84 441 26 224 6.072769 9 36 0.487990 260 3.23210974 52 486 29 272 7.374077 9 36 0.487990 308 0.24862383 4 64 0 0 0.000000 8 32 0.433769 32 17.40366785 280 65 1 2 0.054221 8 32 0.433769 34 17.27935594 278 66 2 4 0.108442 8 32 0.433769 36 17.15504402 276 67 3 6 0.162663 8 32 0.433769 38 17.03073211 274 68 4 8 0.216885 8 32 0.433769 40 16.90642020 272 69 5 12 0.325327 8 32 0.433769 44 16.65779637 268 70 6 16 0.433769 8 32 0.433769 48 16.40917254 264 71 7 20 0.542212 8 32 0.433769 52 16.16054872 260 192 8 24 0.650654 8 32 0.433769 56 15.91192489 256 193 9 28 0.759096 8 32 0.433769 60 15.66330106 252 194 10 32 0.867538 8 32 0.433769 64 15.41467724 248 195 11 40 1.084423 8 32 0.433769 72 14.91742958 240 196 12 48 1.301308 8 32 0.433769 80 14.42018193 232 197 13 56 1.518192 8 32 0.433769 88 13.92293428 224 198 14 64 1.735077 8 32 0.433769 96 13.42568663 216 199 15 72 1.951962 8 32 0.433769 104 12.92843897 208 328 17 88 2.385731 8 32 0.433769 120 11.93394367 192 344 19 112 3.036385 8 32 0.433769 144 10.44220071 168 360 21 144 3.903923 8 32 0.433769 176 8.45321010 136 376 23 176 4.771462 8 32 0.433769 208 6.46421949 104 104 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 424 25 208 5.639000 8 32 0.433769 240 4.47522888 72 440 27 240 6.506538 8 32 0.433769 272 2.48623826 40 56 0 0 0.000000 7 28 0.379548 28 17.65229167 284 57 1 2 0.054221 7 28 0.379548 30 17.52797976 282 58 2 4 0.108442 7 28 0.379548 32 17.40366785 280 59 3 6 0.162663 7 28 0.379548 34 17.27935594 278 60 4 8 0.216885 7 28 0.379548 36 17.15504402 276 61 5 12 0.325327 7 28 0.379548 40 16.90642020 272 62 6 16 0.433769 7 28 0.379548 44 16.65779637 268 63 7 20 0.542212 7 28 0.379548 48 16.40917254 264 184 8 24 0.650654 7 28 0.379548 52 16.16054872 260 185 9 28 0.759096 7 28 0.379548 56 15.91192489 256 186 10 32 0.867538 7 28 0.379548 60 15.66330106 252 187 11 40 1.084423 7 28 0.379548 68 15.16605341 244 188 12 48 1.301308 7 28 0.379548 76 14.66880576 236 189 13 56 1.518192 7 28 0.379548 84 14.17155811 228 190 14 64 1.735077 7 28 0.379548 92 13.67431045 220 191 15 72 1.951962 7 28 0.379548 100 13.17706280 212 327 16 80 2.168846 7 28 0.379548 108 12.67981515 204 343 18 96 2.602615 7 28 0.379548 124 11.68531984 188 359 20 128 3.470154 7 28 0.379548 156 9.69632923 156 375 22 160 4.337692 7 28 0.379548 188 7.70733862 124 423 24 192 5.205231 7 28 0.379548 220 5.71834801 92 439 26 224 6.072769 7 28 0.379548 252 3.72935740 60 485 28 256 6.940308 7 28 0.379548 284 1.74036678 28 48 0 0 0.000000 6 24 0.325327 24 17.90091550 288 49 1 2 0.054221 6 24 0.325327 26 17.77660359 286 50 2 4 0.108442 6 24 0.325327 28 17.65229167 284 51 3 6 0.162663 6 24 0.325327 30 17.52797976 282 52 4 8 0.216885 6 24 0.325327 32 17.40366785 280 53 5 12 0.325327 6 24 0.325327 36 17.15504402 276 54 6 16 0.433769 6 24 0.325327 40 16.90642020 272 55 7 20 0.542212 6 24 0.325327 44 16.65779637 268 176 8 24 0.650654 6 24 0.325327 48 16.40917254 264 177 9 28 0.759096 6 24 0.325327 52 16.16054872 260 178 10 32 0.867538 6 24 0.325327 56 15.91192489 256 179 11 40 1.084423 6 24 0.325327 64 15.41467724 248 180 12 48 1.301308 6 24 0.325327 72 14.91742958 240 181 13 56 1.518192 6 24 0.325327 80 14.42018193 232 182 14 64 1.735077 6 24 0.325327 88 13.92293428 224 183 15 72 1.951962 6 24 0.325327 96 13.42568663 216 326 17 88 2.385731 6 24 0.325327 112 12.43119132 200 342 19 112 3.036385 6 24 0.325327 136 10.93944836 176 358 21 144 3.903923 6 24 0.325327 168 8.95045775 144 374 23 176 4.771462 6 24 0.325327 200 6.96146714 112 422 25 208 5.639000 6 24 0.325327 232 4.97247653 80 105 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 438 27 240 6.506538 6 24 0.325327 264 2.98348592 48 484 29 272 7.374077 6 24 0.325327 296 0.99449531 16 40 0 0 0.000000 5 20 0.271106 20 18.14953933 292 41 1 2 0.054221 5 20 0.271106 22 18.02522741 290 42 2 4 0.108442 5 20 0.271106 24 17.90091550 288 43 3 6 0.162663 5 20 0.271106 26 17.77660359 286 44 4 8 0.216885 5 20 0.271106 28 17.65229167 284 45 5 12 0.325327 5 20 0.271106 32 17.40366785 280 46 6 16 0.433769 5 20 0.271106 36 17.15504402 276 47 7 20 0.542212 5 20 0.271106 40 16.90642020 272 168 8 24 0.650654 5 20 0.271106 44 16.65779637 268 169 9 28 0.759096 5 20 0.271106 48 16.40917254 264 170 10 32 0.867538 5 20 0.271106 52 16.16054872 260 171 11 40 1.084423 5 20 0.271106 60 15.66330106 252 172 12 48 1.301308 5 20 0.271106 68 15.16605341 244 173 13 56 1.518192 5 20 0.271106 76 14.66880576 236 174 14 64 1.735077 5 20 0.271106 84 14.17155811 228 175 15 72 1.951962 5 20 0.271106 92 13.67431045 220 325 16 80 2.168846 5 20 0.271106 100 13.17706280 212 341 18 96 2.602615 5 20 0.271106 116 12.18256749 196 357 20 128 3.470154 5 20 0.271106 148 10.19357688 164 373 22 160 4.337692 5 20 0.271106 180 8.20458627 132 421 24 192 5.205231 5 20 0.271106 212 6.21559566 100 437 26 224 6.072769 5 20 0.271106 244 4.22660505 68 491 30 288 7.807846 5 20 0.271106 308 0.24862383 4 32 0 0 0.000000 4 16 0.216885 16 18.39816315 296 33 1 2 0.054221 4 16 0.216885 18 18.27385124 294 34 2 4 0.108442 4 16 0.216885 20 18.14953933 292 35 3 6 0.162663 4 16 0.216885 22 18.02522741 290 36 4 8 0.216885 4 16 0.216885 24 17.90091550 288 37 5 12 0.325327 4 16 0.216885 28 17.65229167 284 38 6 16 0.433769 4 16 0.216885 32 17.40366785 280 39 7 20 0.542212 4 16 0.216885 36 17.15504402 276 160 8 24 0.650654 4 16 0.216885 40 16.90642020 272 161 9 28 0.759096 4 16 0.216885 44 16.65779637 268 162 10 32 0.867538 4 16 0.216885 48 16.40917254 264 163 11 40 1.084423 4 16 0.216885 56 15.91192489 256 164 12 48 1.301308 4 16 0.216885 64 15.41467724 248 165 13 56 1.518192 4 16 0.216885 72 14.91742958 240 166 14 64 1.735077 4 16 0.216885 80 14.42018193 232 167 15 72 1.951962 4 16 0.216885 88 13.92293428 224 324 17 88 2.385731 4 16 0.216885 104 12.92843897 208 340 19 112 3.036385 4 16 0.216885 128 11.43669601 184 356 21 144 3.903923 4 16 0.216885 160 9.44770540 152 372 23 176 4.771462 4 16 0.216885 192 7.45871479 120 420 25 208 5.639000 4 16 0.216885 224 5.46972418 88 106 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 436 27 240 6.506538 4 16 0.216885 256 3.48073357 56 483 28 256 6.940308 4 16 0.216885 272 2.48623826 40 24 0 0 0.000000 3 12 0.162663 12 18.64678698 300 25 1 2 0.054221 3 12 0.162663 14 18.52247507 298 26 2 4 0.108442 3 12 0.162663 16 18.39816315 296 27 3 6 0.162663 3 12 0.162663 18 18.27385124 294 28 4 8 0.216885 3 12 0.162663 20 18.14953933 292 29 5 12 0.325327 3 12 0.162663 24 17.90091550 288 30 6 16 0.433769 3 12 0.162663 28 17.65229167 284 31 7 20 0.542212 3 12 0.162663 32 17.40366785 280 152 8 24 0.650654 3 12 0.162663 36 17.15504402 276 153 9 28 0.759096 3 12 0.162663 40 16.90642020 272 154 10 32 0.867538 3 12 0.162663 44 16.65779637 268 155 11 40 1.084423 3 12 0.162663 52 16.16054872 260 156 12 48 1.301308 3 12 0.162663 60 15.66330106 252 157 13 56 1.518192 3 12 0.162663 68 15.16605341 244 158 14 64 1.735077 3 12 0.162663 76 14.66880576 236 159 15 72 1.951962 3 12 0.162663 84 14.17155811 228 323 16 80 2.168846 3 12 0.162663 92 13.67431045 220 339 18 96 2.602615 3 12 0.162663 108 12.67981515 204 355 20 128 3.470154 3 12 0.162663 140 10.69082454 172 371 22 160 4.337692 3 12 0.162663 172 8.70183392 140 419 24 192 5.205231 3 12 0.162663 204 6.71284331 108 435 26 224 6.072769 3 12 0.162663 236 4.72385270 76 482 29 272 7.374077 3 12 0.162663 284 1.74036678 28 16 0 0 0.000000 2 8 0.108442 8 18.89541081 304 17 1 2 0.054221 2 8 0.108442 10 18.77109889 302 18 2 4 0.108442 2 8 0.108442 12 18.64678698 300 19 3 6 0.162663 2 8 0.108442 14 18.52247507 298 20 4 8 0.216885 2 8 0.108442 16 18.39816315 296 21 5 12 0.325327 2 8 0.108442 20 18.14953933 292 22 6 16 0.433769 2 8 0.108442 24 17.90091550 288 23 7 20 0.542212 2 8 0.108442 28 17.65229167 284 144 8 24 0.650654 2 8 0.108442 32 17.40366785 280 145 9 28 0.759096 2 8 0.108442 36 17.15504402 276 146 10 32 0.867538 2 8 0.108442 40 16.90642020 272 147 11 40 1.084423 2 8 0.108442 48 16.40917254 264 148 12 48 1.301308 2 8 0.108442 56 15.91192489 256 149 13 56 1.518192 2 8 0.108442 64 15.41467724 248 150 14 64 1.735077 2 8 0.108442 72 14.91742958 240 151 15 72 1.951962 2 8 0.108442 80 14.42018193 232 322 17 88 2.385731 2 8 0.108442 96 13.42568663 216 338 19 112 3.036385 2 8 0.108442 120 11.93394367 192 354 21 144 3.903923 2 8 0.108442 152 9.94495306 160 370 23 176 4.771462 2 8 0.108442 184 7.95596245 128 418 25 208 5.639000 2 8 0.108442 216 5.96697183 96 107 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 434 27 240 6.506538 2 8 0.108442 248 3.97798122 64 490 30 288 7.807846 2 8 0.108442 296 0.99449531 16 8 0 0 0.000000 1 4 0.054221 4 19.14403463 308 9 1 2 0.054221 1 4 0.054221 6 19.01972272 306 10 2 4 0.108442 1 4 0.054221 8 18.89541081 304 11 3 6 0.162663 1 4 0.054221 10 18.77109889 302 12 4 8 0.216885 1 4 0.054221 12 18.64678698 300 13 5 12 0.325327 1 4 0.054221 16 18.39816315 296 14 6 16 0.433769 1 4 0.054221 20 18.14953933 292 15 7 20 0.542212 1 4 0.054221 24 17.90091550 288 136 8 24 0.650654 1 4 0.054221 28 17.65229167 284 137 9 28 0.759096 1 4 0.054221 32 17.40366785 280 138 10 32 0.867538 1 4 0.054221 36 17.15504402 276 139 11 40 1.084423 1 4 0.054221 44 16.65779637 268 140 12 48 1.301308 1 4 0.054221 52 16.16054872 260 141 13 56 1.518192 1 4 0.054221 60 15.66330106 252 142 14 64 1.735077 1 4 0.054221 68 15.16605341 244 143 15 72 1.951962 1 4 0.054221 76 14.66880576 236 321 16 80 2.168846 1 4 0.054221 84 14.17155811 228 337 18 96 2.602615 1 4 0.054221 100 13.17706280 212 353 20 128 3.470154 1 4 0.054221 132 11.18807219 180 369 22 160 4.337692 1 4 0.054221 164 9.19908158 148 417 24 192 5.205231 1 4 0.054221 196 7.21009097 116 433 26 224 6.072769 1 4 0.054221 228 5.22110035 84 481 28 256 6.940308 1 4 0.054221 260 3.23210974 52 0 0 0 0.000000 0 0 0.000000 0 19.39265846 312 1 1 2 0.054221 0 0 0.000000 2 19.26834655 310 2 2 4 0.108442 0 0 0.000000 4 19.14403463 308 3 3 6 0.162663 0 0 0.000000 6 19.01972272 306 4 4 8 0.216885 0 0 0.000000 8 18.89541081 304 5 5 12 0.325327 0 0 0.000000 12 18.64678698 300 6 6 16 0.433769 0 0 0.000000 16 18.39816315 296 7 7 20 0.542212 0 0 0.000000 20 18.14953933 292 128 8 24 0.650654 0 0 0.000000 24 17.90091550 288 129 9 28 0.759096 0 0 0.000000 28 17.65229167 284 130 10 32 0.867538 0 0 0.000000 32 17.40366785 280 131 11 40 1.084423 0 0 0.000000 40 16.90642020 272 132 12 48 1.301308 0 0 0.000000 48 16.40917254 264 133 13 56 1.518192 0 0 0.000000 56 15.91192489 256 134 14 64 1.735077 0 0 0.000000 64 15.41467724 248 135 15 72 1.951962 0 0 0.000000 72 14.91742958 240 320 17 88 2.385731 0 0 0.000000 88 13.92293428 224 336 19 112 3.036385 0 0 0.000000 112 12.43119132 200 352 21 144 3.903923 0 0 0.000000 144 10.44220071 168 368 23 176 4.771462 0 0 0.000000 176 8.45321010 136 416 25 208 5.639000 0 0 0.000000 208 6.46421949 104 108 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex A 18 April 2006 9 Bit 1/2 Rate, # Segments Bitrate 1/4 Rate, # Segments Bitrate Total EVSB Normal Stream Total Main Value Steps Steps Segments Bitrate Segs 432 27 240 6.506538 0 0 0.000000 240 4.47522888 72 480 29 272 7.374077 0 0 0.000000 272 2.48623826 40 489 31 312 8.458500 0 0 0.000000 312 0.00000000 0 109 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex B 18 April 2006 Annex B: Alignment Delay The E-VSB reference receiver does not contain buffers to compensate all the delays introduced in the E-VSB processing before transmission. Therefore, before transmission, each stream should be delayed by a number of bytes to allow for synchronization of the streams in the receiver for fallback modes. The actual values needed are dependent on the particular mix of the enhanced and main rates defined in A/53D Annex D [2]. The amount of the delay required is per Table B1 below. The maximum physical buffer size for each of the three streams is: • 1/2 rate stream: 128 kB • 1/4 rate stream: 128 kB • Main stream: 3 MB These delays compensate for the E-VSB interleaver delay and 164/188 byte packing delay. Table 5.1 includes the delays necessary to synchronize between TS, TS-EA, and TS-EB for fallback modes. The implementation is more easily understood with the help of Figure B1. This drawing represents the path of any one particular stream mode (1/2 rate, 1/4 rate, or main). Unknown TP and Grouping Input E/VSB E/VSB Decode Buffer Encode Decode Buffers Push Pkt on Pull Pkt on Segment Segment Delay Timing Timing Calculation Figure B1 Alignment delay calculation points. The table entries (B and U) represent compensation of the delay from the encoder pull interface in Figure B1 to the receiver push interface. Conceptually, to initialize this synchronization, the next full transport packet would enter the input buffer starting at time TA. TA is based on a segment clock and is coincident for all three stream buffers. At time TA + Table Entry, the pull interface for a particular stream is enabled so that the next packet request will be honored. There is no need for resynchronization until the MAP number (that is, the mix of 1/2 rate, 1/4 rate, and main data) is changed. (The MAP number is defined in ATSC A/53D Annex D [2].) The entries in Table B1 represent compensation of the relative delays between the three streams (main, 1/2 rate, and 1/4 rate) introduced in the E-VSB transmission processing (see A/53D Annex D [2]). The delay of each stream that is introduced by the transmission system is measured from the encoder pull interface to the receiver push interface shown in Figure B1. Each row of Table B1 corresponds to a particular mix of main, 1/2 rate, and 1/4 rate data. For each mix, the table contains the compensating delays for the two data streams with the two shortest transmission-processing delays. The entries are the delays (measured in number of data segment2 times of the complete emitted signal) that must be inserted (via the input buffer of Figure B1) 2 2 See A/53D Annex D [2]. For main data, one data segment corresponds to one MPEG transport packet. 110 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex B 18 April 2006 into two of the streams to align them with the stream having the longest transmission system delay. Note that since each of the three streams contains packets at less than the emitted segment rate, the size of the delay in packets depends on the ratio of packet rate for the particular stream (main, 1/2 rate, or 1/4 rate) to total segment rate. In Table B1, Columns labeled B contain the compensating delays for Option 1 E-VSB packing (see A/53D Annex D [2]); i.e., bursted packing. Columns labeled U are for Option 2 E- VSB packing (see A/53D Annex D [2]); i.e., uniform packing. Table B1 Alignment Delay (Segments) MAP Main 1/2 Rate 1/4 Rate MAP Main 1/2 Rate 1/4 Rate B U B U B U B U B U B U 0 0 0 - - - - 64 1874 1875 - - 0 0 1 14715 14867 0 0 - - 65 2195 2200 0 0 417 525 2 7508 7434 0 0 - - 66 1649 1754 0 0 112 198 3 5004 4956 0 0 - - 67 1569 1560 0 0 104 155 4 3752 3717 0 0 - - 68 1449 1420 81 0 0 128 5 2500 2478 0 0 - - 69 1248 1148 0 0 88 9 6 1874 1865 0 0 - - 70 1136 974 81 0 0 0 7 1545 1492 0 0 - - 71 1088 897 129 25 0 0 8 14723 14945 - - 0 0 72 1778 1664 - - 0 0 9 7821 7773 289 1 0 0 73 1962 2040 0 0 433 509 10 5309 5438 297 391 0 0 74 1585 1605 0 0 128 208 11 4362 4229 602 441 0 0 75 1433 1484 49 0 0 198 12 3415 3521 297 469 0 0 76 1320 1324 0 0 112 103 13 2789 2684 602 506 0 0 77 1224 1109 0 0 128 65 14 2131 2239 297 530 0 0 78 1096 933 73 0 0 12 15 2115 1943 602 547 0 0 79 935 836 0 0 72 0 16 7508 7473 - - 0 0 80 1529 1500 - - 0 0 17 5325 5353 0 0 321 249 81 1898 1895 0 0 449 523 18 4041 3887 265 1 0 0 82 1409 1532 9 0 0 246 19 3126 3199 0 83 16 0 83 1336 1371 0 0 136 159 20 2797 2724 273 120 0 0 84 1272 1245 0 0 128 117 21 2171 2118 273 160 0 0 85 1104 1065 17 0 0 95 22 1842 1760 281 209 0 0 86 1048 897 57 0 0 13 23 1545 1516 273 228 0 0 87 919 800 0 0 104 0 24 5004 4982 - - 0 0 88 1449 1372 - - 0 0 25 4089 4184 0 0 337 359 89 1713 1817 0 0 465 544 26 3134 3150 0 0 32 40 90 1352 1427 0 0 160 238 27 2781 2594 241 0 0 0 91 1288 1287 0 0 152 180 28 2460 2271 249 64 0 0 92 1240 1186 0 0 160 156 29 1850 1839 0 105 32 0 93 1064 1017 9 0 0 89 30 1529 1553 0 121 24 0 94 959 861 0 0 112 1 31 1497 1382 257 173 0 0 95 903 754 0 0 136 3 32 3752 3743 - - 0 0 96 1184 1150 - - 0 0 33 3447 3461 0 0 353 421 97 1617 1631 0 0 497 553 34 2757 2712 201 0 0 135 98 1256 1253 0 0 192 247 35 2436 2266 209 0 0 30 99 1135 1209 0 0 79 244 36 2139 1944 209 1 0 0 100 1087 1113 0 0 176 185 37 1810 1625 225 72 0 0 101 991 934 0 0 160 93 38 1513 1402 209 100 0 0 102 919 814 0 0 168 53 39 1441 1243 225 106 0 0 103 871 741 0 0 112 60 111 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex B 18 April 2006 MAP Main 1/2 Rate 1/4 Rate MAP Main 1/2 Rate 1/4 Rate B U B U B U B U B U B U 40 3094 2993 - - 0 0 104 1056 1005 - - 0 0 41 2869 2997 0 0 369 448 105 1464 1510 0 0 529 553 42 2243 2360 0 0 64 130 106 1119 1164 0 0 224 250 43 2123 2034 177 0 0 95 107 1071 1084 0 0 216 213 44 1866 1759 0 0 64 14 108 1023 1004 0 0 208 168 45 1545 1435 0 13 56 0 109 935 893 0 0 200 132 46 1465 1279 209 70 0 0 110 887 821 0 0 160 140 47 1192 1132 0 89 64 0 111 822 694 0 0 127 71 48 2500 2491 - - 0 0 112 887 901 - - 0 0 49 2556 2660 0 0 385 481 113 1400 1402 0 0 561 541 50 2099 2130 137 0 0 202 114 1055 1054 0 0 256 233 51 1874 1831 0 0 80 101 115 1007 979 0 0 248 198 52 1770 1615 153 0 0 60 116 959 938 0 0 240 197 53 1481 1297 145 0 0 0 117 910 846 0 0 215 176 54 1232 1148 0 25 56 0 118 854 758 0 0 181 135 55 1168 1059 145 80 0 0 119 786 662 0 0 121 63 56 2171 2154 - - 0 0 120 791 821 - - 0 0 57 2275 2411 0 0 401 500 121 1336 1336 0 0 593 577 58 1882 1888 0 0 96 180 122 987 991 0 0 278 264 59 1633 1695 0 0 88 131 123 941 936 0 0 264 242 60 1561 1502 0 0 88 79 124 929 910 0 0 256 248 61 1425 1212 137 0 0 9 125 866 822 0 0 201 199 62 1208 1059 0 16 96 0 126 794 726 0 0 149 127 63 1128 974 137 52 0 0 127 722 630 0 0 142 55 128 1248 1239 0 0 - - 192 903 825 0 25 72 0 129 1184 1071 0 0 - - 193 855 778 0 50 104 0 130 935 936 0 0 - - 194 823 741 81 90 0 0 131 839 746 0 0 - - 195 759 701 137 123 0 0 132 622 623 0 0 - - 196 695 646 137 137 0 0 133 558 547 0 0 - - 197 665 598 169 141 0 0 134 494 468 0 0 - - 198 480 583 0 178 52 0 135 430 428 0 0 - - 199 464 533 0 169 100 0 136 1826 1733 602 565 0 0 200 887 764 0 0 104 0 137 1457 1595 297 566 0 0 201 839 728 0 47 16 0 138 1521 1477 602 581 0 0 202 791 711 65 86 0 0 139 1425 1292 602 578 0 0 203 727 671 113 108 0 0 140 1216 1197 602 589 0 0 204 673 614 123 113 0 0 141 1152 1107 602 572 0 0 205 645 566 137 121 0 0 142 1088 1054 602 596 0 0 206 492 571 0 178 80 0 143 1024 988 602 570 0 0 207 476 513 0 161 128 0 144 1481 1362 281 233 0 0 208 871 724 0 13 136 0 145 1232 1218 273 243 0 249 209 791 701 17 50 0 0 146 1184 1123 281 257 0 0 210 759 681 49 71 0 0 147 1080 974 273 264 0 0 211 695 622 89 81 0 0 148 887 872 281 277 0 0 212 665 574 123 85 0 0 149 823 801 281 278 0 0 213 520 547 0 110 60 0 150 759 726 281 278 0 0 214 504 515 0 133 108 0 151 695 698 281 285 0 0 215 494 501 9 155 0 0 152 1176 1225 0 169 32 0 216 855 688 0 7 64 0 153 1192 1123 257 209 0 359 217 759 671 1 46 0 0 154 1144 1051 257 225 0 40 218 727 641 33 46 0 0 112 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex B 18 April 2006 MAP Main 1/2 Rate 1/4 Rate MAP Main 1/2 Rate 1/4 Rate B U B U B U B U B U B U 155 919 897 128 205 0 0 219 673 590 75 57 0 0 156 855 830 257 253 0 0 220 645 542 97 65 0 0 157 791 766 257 258 0 0 221 532 535 0 110 88 0 158 727 691 257 253 0 0 222 516 491 0 121 136 0 159 673 670 267 269 0 0 223 484 490 3 156 0 0 160 1200 1123 209 144 0 0 224 790 631 0 0 63 6 161 1152 1059 233 185 0 421 225 726 590 0 9 31 0 162 1104 974 233 173 0 135 226 673 566 11 9 0 0 163 887 860 209 204 0 30 227 645 518 57 9 0 0 164 823 781 233 218 0 0 228 572 499 0 42 96 0 165 759 731 233 238 0 0 229 540 473 0 85 128 0 166 695 686 233 241 0 0 230 508 465 0 113 160 0 167 665 646 249 257 0 0 231 476 466 27 150 0 0 168 1160 1059 201 143 0 0 232 758 606 0 0 85 11 169 1112 974 209 131 0 448 233 694 565 0 0 29 0 170 855 897 0 133 40 130 234 645 541 15 8 0 0 171 855 824 193 203 0 95 235 596 493 0 8 88 0 172 791 751 209 203 0 14 236 564 455 0 49 120 0 173 727 701 209 223 0 0 237 532 438 0 68 152 0 174 673 662 219 225 0 0 238 497 442 0 108 29 0 175 645 619 217 242 0 0 239 468 442 51 137 0 0 176 1120 974 185 89 0 0 240 714 582 0 0 69 7 177 1064 897 177 97 0 481 241 644 549 0 0 80 2 178 839 826 0 98 72 202 242 620 517 0 0 80 0 179 823 761 177 158 0 101 243 588 437 0 13 112 0 180 759 721 185 183 0 60 244 556 411 0 23 144 0 181 695 670 185 193 0 0 245 524 417 0 65 176 0 182 665 622 209 197 0 0 246 465 418 0 102 5 0 183 440 599 0 234 44 0 247 460 418 57 122 0 0 184 1080 897 161 61 0 0 248 660 559 0 0 104 8 185 871 825 0 61 72 500 249 628 521 0 0 96 42 186 855 796 32 104 0 180 250 612 467 0 0 104 13 187 791 731 161 143 0 131 251 580 412 0 6 136 0 188 727 691 161 168 0 79 252 548 390 0 20 168 0 189 673 638 171 169 0 9 253 513 394 0 60 61 0 190 645 599 177 186 0 0 254 452 394 17 89 0 0 191 452 583 0 230 72 0 255 452 394 49 107 0 0 256 654 654 - - 0 0 320 341 341 0 0 - - 257 1262 1261 0 0 585 575 321 970 963 597 598 0 0 258 882 890 0 0 270 268 322 622 623 265 289 0 0 259 910 910 0 0 249 266 323 645 631 257 281 0 0 260 810 802 0 0 222 209 324 574 574 209 246 0 0 261 802 778 0 0 206 179 325 412 595 0 257 64 0 262 692 653 0 0 152 127 326 526 550 161 239 0 0 263 676 611 0 0 128 96 327 534 538 105 204 0 0 264 628 539 0 0 136 61 328 496 526 131 224 0 0 265 620 503 0 0 120 37 329 492 514 63 198 0 0 266 596 462 0 0 152 32 330 488 502 149 209 0 0 267 572 394 0 0 160 0 331 484 490 83 185 0 0 268 529 346 0 12 93 0 332 476 460 137 182 0 0 269 481 370 0 54 37 0 333 468 442 97 155 0 0 113 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex B 18 April 2006 MAP Main 1/2 Rate 1/4 Rate MAP Main 1/2 Rate 1/4 Rate B U B U B U B U B U B U 270 435 335 0 45 15 0 334 444 383 105 117 0 0 271 428 351 25 69 0 0 335 436 367 65 93 0 0 272 544 538 - - 0 0 336 279 285 0 0 - - 273 1151 1151 0 0 559 558 337 911 914 602 605 0 0 274 740 758 0 0 224 244 338 526 556 255 275 0 0 275 782 809 0 0 214 250 339 566 586 257 281 0 0 276 708 692 0 0 216 202 340 512 526 249 251 0 0 277 708 701 0 0 176 175 341 518 556 209 260 0 0 278 644 609 0 0 200 167 342 504 496 225 227 0 0 279 644 576 0 0 160 98 343 500 529 189 242 0 0 280 604 555 0 0 208 161 344 496 466 217 203 0 0 281 604 510 0 0 168 80 345 492 499 181 221 0 0 282 572 501 0 0 224 152 346 480 436 201 179 0 0 283 556 411 0 0 208 53 347 484 469 173 200 0 0 284 499 323 0 0 119 19 348 444 415 165 177 0 0 285 467 311 0 13 55 0 349 452 399 141 141 0 0 286 429 280 0 2 55 0 350 406 383 127 149 0 0 287 403 311 0 35 19 0 351 404 367 93 115 0 0 288 416 442 - 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- 0 0 448 228 228 - - 0 0 114 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex B 18 April 2006 MAP Main 1/2 Rate 1/4 Rate MAP Main 1/2 Rate 1/4 Rate B U B U B U B U B U B U 385 904 904 0 0 603 600 449 830 807 0 0 590 567 386 557 561 0 0 280 275 450 490 486 0 0 270 266 387 578 579 0 0 282 277 451 500 478 0 0 266 244 388 543 533 0 0 271 251 452 470 446 0 0 260 236 389 546 537 0 0 258 239 453 462 430 0 0 240 208 390 523 477 0 0 262 199 454 446 398 0 0 248 200 391 511 481 0 0 234 195 455 438 382 0 0 228 172 392 501 421 0 0 248 153 456 406 318 0 0 212 122 393 491 425 0 0 225 151 457 - - - - 0 0 394 476 382 0 0 223 126 458 494 494 0 0 288 288 395 458 350 0 0 205 94 459 478 462 0 0 280 264 396 417 318 0 0 175 86 460 390 335 19 67 0 0 397 409 294 0 0 159 62 461 384 311 51 57 0 0 398 374 270 0 0 148 62 462 374 263 23 9 0 0 399 358 246 0 0 124 38 463 363 232 32 2 0 0 400 255 260 - - 0 0 464 352 232 1 2 0 0 401 867 840 0 0 608 568 465 334 208 3 2 0 0 402 536 497 0 0 283 243 466 343 208 0 2 17 0 403 549 515 0 0 296 247 467 326 198 0 0 108 14 404 521 478 0 0 271 228 468 342 222 0 0 132 38 405 528 473 0 0 275 211 469 342 222 0 0 148 50 406 492 446 0 0 250 204 470 374 263 62 33 0 0 407 499 430 0 0 246 176 471 350 252 59 58 0 0 408 463 414 0 0 229 180 472 342 208 30 2 0 0 409 469 398 0 0 223 148 473 334 216 38 46 0 0 410 438 382 0 0 212 152 474 326 184 14 2 0 0 411 425 350 0 0 191 118 475 296 168 0 19 102 0 412 406 318 0 0 196 110 476 312 174 0 0 118 14 413 390 294 0 0 172 86 477 342 240 62 78 0 0 414 374 270 0 0 180 86 478 334 216 70 67 0 0 415 358 246 0 0 156 62 479 326 192 46 43 0 0 416 163 190 0 0 - - 480 128 136 0 0 - - 417 753 734 572 544 0 0 481 722 719 592 569 0 0 418 446 408 289 218 0 0 482 410 404 280 274 0 0 419 443 409 267 219 0 0 483 408 400 270 256 0 0 420 440 400 278 212 0 0 484 404 392 274 268 0 0 421 438 396 267 206 0 0 485 402 388 264 250 0 0 422 433 392 270 208 0 0 486 398 380 262 262 0 0 423 432 388 248 198 0 0 487 396 376 245 244 0 0 424 417 384 254 204 0 0 488 390 364 238 238 0 0 425 427 380 243 194 0 0 489 - - 0 0 - - 426 401 376 239 200 0 0 490 412 408 296 292 0 0 427 414 372 230 190 0 0 491 406 396 286 286 0 0 428 390 364 223 194 0 0 492 396 351 57 91 0 0 429 386 356 202 182 0 0 493 390 335 78 89 0 0 430 382 348 194 186 0 0 494 395 351 104 123 0 0 431 378 340 179 174 0 0 495 390 335 121 135 0 0 432 128 168 0 0 - - 496 395 332 147 146 0 0 433 753 719 614 537 0 0 497 370 324 143 150 0 0 434 422 408 289 244 0 0 498 374 332 164 162 0 0 435 435 404 294 226 0 0 499 370 324 154 166 0 0 115 ATSC E-VSB Implementation Guidelines, Annex B 18 April 2006 MAP Main 1/2 Rate 1/4 Rate MAP Main 1/2 Rate 1/4 Rate B U B U B U B U B U B U 436 408 400 270 240 0 0 500 374 332 174 178 0 0 437 419 396 278 222 0 0 501 374 332 190 190 0 0 438 404 392 260 236 0 0 502 384 311 93 93 0 0 439 403 388 257 218 0 0 503 358 288 89 106 0 0 440 400 384 251 232 0 0 504 366 312 118 134 0 0 441 398 380 246 214 0 0 505 358 288 110 126 0 0 442 396 376 245 228 0 0 506 366 312 135 150 0 0 443 394 372 237 210 0 0 507 358 288 142 139 0 0 444 390 364 223 222 0 0 508 366 312 166 163 0 0 445 386 356 208 202 0 0 509 350 264 86 102 0 0 446 382 348 214 214 0 0 510 342 240 94 91 0 0 447 378 340 194 194 0 0 511 350 264 118 115 0 0 End of document 116